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Document Calc Gregorian in NEWS; fix manual a bit.
This commit is contained in:
Paul Eggert
parent
a14a5a4099
commit
0e70ce9335
@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
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2012-11-22 Paul Eggert <eggert@cs.ucla.edu>
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* calc.texi: Fix TeX issues with capitals followed by ".", "?", "!".
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(Date Forms): Correct off-by-one error in explanation of
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Julian day numbers. Give Gregorian equivalent of its origin.
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2012-11-22 Jay Belanger <jay.p.belanger@gmail.com>
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* doc/misc/calc.texi (Date Forms): Mention the customizable
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@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ since the large integer arithmetic was there anyway it seemed only
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fair to give the user direct access to it, which in turn made it
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practical to support fractions as well as floats. All these features
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inspired me to look around for other data types that might be worth
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having.
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having.
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Around this time, my friend Rick Koshi showed me his nifty new HP-28
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calculator. It allowed the user to manipulate formulas as well as
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@ -4461,7 +4461,7 @@ date by one or several months. @xref{Date Arithmetic}, for more.
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Friday the 13th? @xref{Types Answer 5, 5}. (@bullet{})
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(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 6.} How many leap years will there be
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between now and the year 10001 A.D.? @xref{Types Answer 6, 6}. (@bullet{})
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between now and the year 10001 AD@? @xref{Types Answer 6, 6}. (@bullet{})
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@cindex Slope and angle of a line
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@cindex Angle and slope of a line
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@ -5693,7 +5693,7 @@ on the stack, we want to be able to type @kbd{*} and get the result
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rearranged. (This one is rather tricky; the solution at the end of
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this chapter uses 6 rewrite rules. Hint: The @samp{constant(x)}
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condition tests whether @samp{x} is a number.) @xref{Rewrites Answer
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6, 6}. (@bullet{})
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6, 6}. (@bullet{})
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Just for kicks, try adding the rule @code{2+3 := 6} to @code{EvalRules}.
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What happens? (Be sure to remove this rule afterward, or you might get
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@ -8697,7 +8697,7 @@ Multiplying by the conjugate helps because @expr{(a+b) (a-b) = a^2 - b^2}.
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@smallexample
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@group
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___
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1: V 2
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1: V 2
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.
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a r a*(b+c) := a*b + a*c
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@ -8897,7 +8897,7 @@ Note that this rule does not mention @samp{O} at all, so it will
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apply to any product-of-sum it encounters---this rule may surprise
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you if you put it into @code{EvalRules}!
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In the second rule, the sum of two O's is changed to the smaller O.
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In the second rule, the sum of two O's is changed to the smaller O@.
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The optional constant coefficients are there mostly so that
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@samp{O(x^2) - O(x^3)} and @samp{O(x^3) - O(x^2)} are handled
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as well as @samp{O(x^2) + O(x^3)}.
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@ -10987,7 +10987,7 @@ Input is flexible; date forms can be entered in any of the usual
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notations for dates and times. @xref{Date Formats}.
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Date forms are stored internally as numbers, specifically the number
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of days since midnight on the morning of December 31 of the year 1 BC.
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of days since midnight on the morning of December 31 of the year 1 BC@.
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If the internal number is an integer, the form represents a date only;
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if the internal number is a fraction or float, the form represents
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a date and time. For example, @samp{<6:00am Thu Jan 10, 1991>}
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@ -11010,13 +11010,13 @@ You can use the @kbd{v p} (@code{calc-pack}) and @kbd{v u}
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of a date form. @xref{Packing and Unpacking}.
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Date forms can go arbitrarily far into the future or past. Negative
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year numbers represent years BC. There is no ``year 0''; the day
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year numbers represent years BC@. There is no ``year 0''; the day
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before @samp{<Mon Jan 1, +1>} is @samp{<Sun Dec 31, -1>}. These are
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days 1 and 0 respectively in Calc's internal numbering scheme. The
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Gregorian calendar is used for all dates, including dates before the
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Gregorian calendar was invented (although that can be configured; see
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below). Thus Calc's use of the day number @mathit{-10000} to
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represent August 15, 28 BC should be taken with a grain of salt.
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represent August 15, 28 BC should be taken with a grain of salt.
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@cindex Julian calendar
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@cindex Gregorian calendar
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@ -11025,7 +11025,7 @@ Julius Caesar in the year 46 BC as an attempt to fix the confusion
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caused by the irregular Roman calendar that was used before that time.
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The Julian calendar introduced an extra day in all years divisible by
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four. After some initial confusion, the calendar was adopted around
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the year we call 8 AD. Some centuries later it became
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the year we call 8 AD@. Some centuries later it became
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apparent that the Julian year of 365.25 days was itself not quite
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right. In 1582 Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar,
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which added the new rule that years divisible by 100, but not by 400,
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@ -11039,39 +11039,41 @@ was September 14. To take another example, Russia did not adopt the
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Gregorian calendar until 1918, and that year in Russia the day after
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January 31 was February 14. Calc's reckoning therefore matches English
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practice starting in 1752 and Russian practice starting in 1918, but
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disagrees with earlier dates in both countries.
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disagrees with earlier dates in both countries.
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When the Julian calendar was introduced, it had January 1 as the first
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day of the year. By the Middle Ages, many European countries
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had changed the beginning of a new year to a different date, often to
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a religious festival. Almost all countries reverted to using January 1
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as the beginning of the year by the time they adopted the Gregorian
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calendar.
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calendar.
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Some calendars attempt to mimic the historical situation by using the
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Gregorian calendar for recent dates and the Julian calendar for older
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dates. The @code{cal} program in most Unix implementations does this,
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for example. While January 1 wasn't always the beginning of a calendar
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year, these hybrid calendars still use January 1 as the beginning of
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the year even for older dates. The customizable variable
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the year even for older dates. The customizable variable
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@code{calc-gregorian-switch} (@pxref{Customizing Calc}) can be set to
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have Calc's date forms switch from the Julian to Gregorian calendar at
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any specified date.
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any specified date.
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Today's timekeepers introduce an occasional ``leap second''.
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These do not occur regularly and Calc does not take these minor
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effects into account. (If it did, it would have to report a
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non-integer number of days between, say,
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@samp{<12:00am Mon Jan 1, 1900>} and
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non-integer number of days between, say,
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@samp{<12:00am Mon Jan 1, 1900>} and
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@samp{<12:00am Sat Jan 1, 2000>}.)
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@cindex Julian day counting
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Another day counting system in common use is, confusingly, also called
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``Julian.'' The Julian day number is the numbers of days since
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12:00 noon (GMT) on Jan 1, 4713 BC, which in Calc's scheme (in GMT)
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is @mathit{-1721423.5} (recall that Calc starts at midnight instead
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of noon). Thus to convert a Calc date code obtained by unpacking a
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date form into a Julian day number, simply add 1721423.5 after
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``Julian.'' Julian days go from noon to noon. The Julian day number
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is the numbers of days since 12:00 noon (GMT) on November 24, 4714 BC
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in the Gregorian calendar (i.e., January 1, 4713 BC in the Julian
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calendar). In Calc's scheme (in GMT) the Julian day origin is
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@mathit{-1721422.5}, because Calc starts at midnight instead of noon.
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Thus to convert a Calc date code obtained by unpacking a
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date form into a Julian day number, simply add 1721422.5 after
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compensating for the time zone difference. The built-in @kbd{t J}
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command performs this conversion for you.
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@ -11103,7 +11105,7 @@ the Julian cycle as an astronomical dating system; this idea was taken
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up by other astronomers. (At the time, noon was the start of the
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astronomical day. Herschel originally suggested counting the days
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since Jan 1, 4713 BC at noon Alexandria time; this was later amended to
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noon GMT.) Julian day numbering is largely used in astronomy.
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noon GMT@.) Julian day numbering is largely used in astronomy.
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@cindex Unix time format
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The Unix operating system measures time as an integer number of
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@ -12651,7 +12653,7 @@ are simplified with their unit definitions in mind.
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A common technique is to set the simplification mode down to the lowest
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amount of simplification you will allow to be applied automatically, then
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use manual commands like @kbd{a s} and @kbd{c c} (@code{calc-clean}) to
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perform higher types of simplifications on demand.
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perform higher types of simplifications on demand.
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@node Declarations, Display Modes, Simplification Modes, Mode Settings
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@section Declarations
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@ -13002,7 +13004,7 @@ The @code{dneg} function checks for negative reals. The @code{dnonneg}
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function checks for nonnegative reals, i.e., reals greater than or
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equal to zero. Note that Calc's algebraic simplifications, which are
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effectively applied to all conditions in rewrite rules, can simplify
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an expression like @expr{x > 0} to 1 or 0 using @code{dpos}.
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an expression like @expr{x > 0} to 1 or 0 using @code{dpos}.
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So the actual functions @code{dpos}, @code{dneg}, and @code{dnonneg}
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are rarely necessary.
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@ -13437,7 +13439,7 @@ the time part. The punctuation characters (including spaces) must
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match exactly; letter fields must correspond to suitable text in
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the input. If this doesn't work, Calc checks if the input is a
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simple number; if so, the number is interpreted as a number of days
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since Jan 1, 1 AD. Otherwise, Calc tries a much more relaxed and
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since Jan 1, 1 AD@. Otherwise, Calc tries a much more relaxed and
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flexible algorithm which is described in the next section.
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Weekday names are ignored during reading.
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@ -14666,7 +14668,7 @@ Subscripts use double square brackets: @samp{a[[i]]}.
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The @kbd{d W} (@code{calc-maple-language}) command selects the
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conventions of Maple.
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Maple's language is much like C. Underscores are allowed in symbol
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Maple's language is much like C@. Underscores are allowed in symbol
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names; square brackets are used for subscripts; explicit @samp{*}s for
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multiplications are required. Use either @samp{^} or @samp{**} to
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denote powers.
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@ -16727,7 +16729,7 @@ number (i.e., pervasively).
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If the simplification mode is set below basic simplification, it is raised
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for the purposes of this command. Thus, @kbd{c c} applies the basic
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simplifications even if their automatic application is disabled.
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@xref{Simplification Modes}.
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@xref{Simplification Modes}.
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@cindex Roundoff errors, correcting
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A numeric prefix argument to @kbd{c c} sets the floating-point precision
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@ -16804,7 +16806,7 @@ additional argument from the top of the stack.
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@pindex calc-date
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@tindex date
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The @kbd{t D} (@code{calc-date}) [@code{date}] command converts a
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date form into a number, measured in days since Jan 1, 1 AD. The
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date form into a number, measured in days since Jan 1, 1 AD@. The
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result will be an integer if @var{date} is a pure date form, or a
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fraction or float if @var{date} is a date/time form. Or, if its
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argument is a number, it converts this number into a date form.
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@ -16842,7 +16844,7 @@ The last two arguments default to zero if omitted.
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@cindex Julian day counts, conversions
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The @kbd{t J} (@code{calc-julian}) [@code{julian}] command converts
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a date form into a Julian day count, which is the number of days
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since noon (GMT) on Jan 1, 4713 BC. A pure date is converted to an
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since noon (GMT) on Jan 1, 4713 BC@. A pure date is converted to an
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integer Julian count representing noon of that day. A date/time form
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is converted to an exact floating-point Julian count, adjusted to
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interpret the date form in the current time zone but the Julian
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@ -18988,7 +18990,7 @@ modulo operation as numbers 39 and below.) If @var{m} is a power of
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ten, however, the numbers should be completely unbiased.
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The Gaussian random numbers generated by @samp{random(0.0)} use the
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``polar'' method described in Knuth section 3.4.1C. This method
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``polar'' method described in Knuth section 3.4.1C@. This method
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generates a pair of Gaussian random numbers at a time, so only every
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other call to @samp{random(0.0)} will require significant calculations.
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@ -22188,7 +22190,7 @@ Use @kbd{a v} if you want the variables to ignore their stored values.
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If you give a numeric prefix argument of 2 to @kbd{a v}, it simplifies
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using Calc's algebraic simplifications; @pxref{Simplifying Formulas}.
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If you give a numeric prefix of 3 or more, it uses Extended
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Simplification mode (@kbd{a e}).
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Simplification mode (@kbd{a e}).
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If you give a negative prefix argument @mathit{-1}, @mathit{-2}, or @mathit{-3},
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it simplifies in the corresponding mode but only works on the top-level
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@ -22261,7 +22263,7 @@ If inequalities with opposite direction (e.g., @samp{<} and @samp{>})
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are mapped, the direction of the second inequality is reversed to
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match the first: Using @kbd{a M +} on @samp{a < b} and @samp{a > 2}
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reverses the latter to get @samp{2 < a}, which then allows the
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combination @samp{a + 2 < b + a}, which the algebraic simplifications
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combination @samp{a + 2 < b + a}, which the algebraic simplifications
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can reduce to @samp{2 < b}.
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Using @kbd{a M *}, @kbd{a M /}, @kbd{a M n}, or @kbd{a M &} to negate
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@ -22408,7 +22410,7 @@ common special case of regular arithmetic commands like @kbd{+} and
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@kbd{Q} [@code{sqrt}], the arguments are simply popped from the stack
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and collected into a suitable function call, which is then simplified
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(the arguments being simplified first as part of the process, as
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described above).
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described above).
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Even the basic set of simplifications are too numerous to describe
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completely here, but this section will describe the ones that apply to the
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@ -22714,7 +22716,7 @@ the algebraic simplification mode, which is the default simplification
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mode. If you have switched to a different simplification mode, you can
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switch back with the @kbd{m A} command. Even in other simplification
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modes, the @kbd{a s} command will use these algebraic simplifications to
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simplify the formula.
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simplify the formula.
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There is a variable, @code{AlgSimpRules}, in which you can put rewrites
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to be applied. Its use is analogous to @code{EvalRules},
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@ -22751,7 +22753,7 @@ This allows easier comparison of products; for example, the basic
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simplifications will not change @expr{x y + y x} to @expr{2 x y},
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but the algebraic simplifications; it first rewrites the sum to
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@expr{x y + x y} which can then be recognized as a sum of identical
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terms.
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terms.
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The canonical ordering used to sort terms of products has the
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property that real-valued numbers, interval forms and infinities
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@ -22794,10 +22796,10 @@ factor in the numerator and denominator, it is canceled out;
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for example, @expr{(4 x + 6) / 8 x} simplifies to @expr{(2 x + 3) / 4 x}.
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Non-constant common factors are not found even by algebraic
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simplifications. To cancel the factor @expr{a} in
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simplifications. To cancel the factor @expr{a} in
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@expr{(a x + a) / a^2} you could first use @kbd{j M} on the product
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@expr{a x} to Merge the numerator to @expr{a (1+x)}, which can then be
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simplified successfully.
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simplified successfully.
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@tex
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\bigskip
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@ -22950,7 +22952,7 @@ as is @expr{x^2 >= 0} if @expr{x} is known to be real.
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@tindex esimplify
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Calc is capable of performing some simplifications which may sometimes
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be desired but which are not ``safe'' in all cases. The @kbd{a e}
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(@code{calc-simplify-extended}) [@code{esimplify}] command
|
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(@code{calc-simplify-extended}) [@code{esimplify}] command
|
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applies the algebraic simplifications as well as these extended, or
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``unsafe'', simplifications. Use this only if you know the values in
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your formula lie in the restricted ranges for which these
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@ -23594,10 +23596,10 @@ forever!)
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@vindex IntegSimpRules
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Another set of rules, stored in @code{IntegSimpRules}, are applied
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every time the integrator uses algebraic simplifications to simplify an
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intermediate result. For example, putting the rule
|
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intermediate result. For example, putting the rule
|
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@samp{twice(x) := 2 x} into @code{IntegSimpRules} would tell Calc to
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convert the @code{twice} function into a form it knows whenever
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integration is attempted.
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integration is attempted.
|
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One more way to influence the integrator is to define a function with
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the @kbd{Z F} command (@pxref{Algebraic Definitions}). Calc's
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@ -26762,7 +26764,7 @@ meta-variable @expr{v}. As usual, if this meta-variable has already
|
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been matched to something else the two values must be equal; if the
|
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meta-variable is new then it is bound to the result of the expression.
|
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This variable can then appear in later conditions, and on the righthand
|
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side of the rule.
|
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side of the rule.
|
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In fact, @expr{v} may be any pattern in which case the result of
|
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evaluating @expr{x} is matched to that pattern, binding any
|
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meta-variables that appear in that pattern. Note that @code{let}
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@ -27516,7 +27518,7 @@ but only when algebraic simplifications are used to simplify the
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formula. The variable @code{AlgSimpRules} holds rules for this purpose.
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The @kbd{a s} command will apply @code{EvalRules} and
|
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@code{AlgSimpRules} to the formula, as well as all of its built-in
|
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simplifications.
|
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simplifications.
|
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|
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Most of the special limitations for @code{EvalRules} don't apply to
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@code{AlgSimpRules}. Calc simply does an @kbd{a r AlgSimpRules}
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@ -27524,7 +27526,7 @@ command with an infinite repeat count as the first step of algebraic
|
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simplifications. It then applies its own built-in simplifications
|
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throughout the formula, and then repeats these two steps (along with
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applying the default simplifications) until no further changes are
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possible.
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possible.
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@cindex @code{ExtSimpRules} variable
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@cindex @code{UnitSimpRules} variable
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@ -28959,9 +28961,9 @@ to select the lefthand side, execute your commands, then type
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All current modes apply when an @samp{=>} operator is computed,
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including the current simplification mode. Recall that the
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formula @samp{arcsin(sin(x))} will not be handled by Calc's algebraic
|
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simplifications, but Calc's unsafe simplifications will reduce it to
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simplifications, but Calc's unsafe simplifications will reduce it to
|
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@samp{x}. If you enter @samp{arcsin(sin(x)) =>} normally, the result
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will be @samp{arcsin(sin(x)) => arcsin(sin(x))}. If you change to
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will be @samp{arcsin(sin(x)) => arcsin(sin(x))}. If you change to
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Extended Simplification mode, the result will be
|
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@samp{arcsin(sin(x)) => x}. However, just pressing @kbd{a e}
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once will have no effect on @samp{arcsin(sin(x)) => arcsin(sin(x))},
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@ -29579,7 +29581,7 @@ plot on any text-only printer.
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@kindex g O
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@pindex calc-graph-output
|
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The @kbd{g O} (@code{calc-graph-output}) command sets the name of the
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output file used by GNUPLOT. For some devices, notably @code{x11} and
|
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output file used by GNUPLOT@. For some devices, notably @code{x11} and
|
||||
@code{windows}, there is no output file and this information is not
|
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used. Many other ``devices'' are really file formats like
|
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@code{postscript}; in these cases the output in the desired format
|
||||
@ -29651,7 +29653,7 @@ window in the upper-left corner of the screen. This command has no
|
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effect if the current device is @code{windows}.
|
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|
||||
The buffer called @samp{*Gnuplot Trail*} holds a transcript of the
|
||||
session with GNUPLOT. This shows the commands Calc has ``typed'' to
|
||||
session with GNUPLOT@. This shows the commands Calc has ``typed'' to
|
||||
GNUPLOT and the responses it has received. Calc tries to notice when an
|
||||
error message has appeared here and display the buffer for you when
|
||||
this happens. You can check this buffer yourself if you suspect
|
||||
@ -33262,7 +33264,7 @@ in the range @samp{[0 ..@: 60)}.
|
||||
|
||||
Date forms are stored as @samp{(date @var{n})}, where @var{n} is
|
||||
a real number that counts days since midnight on the morning of
|
||||
January 1, 1 AD. If @var{n} is an integer, this is a pure date
|
||||
January 1, 1 AD@. If @var{n} is an integer, this is a pure date
|
||||
form. If @var{n} is a fraction or float, this is a date/time form.
|
||||
|
||||
Modulo forms are stored as @samp{(mod @var{n} @var{m})}, where @var{m} is a
|
||||
@ -33770,7 +33772,7 @@ objects into a definite, consistent order. The @code{beforep}
|
||||
function is used by the @kbd{V S} vector-sorting command, and also
|
||||
by Calc's algebraic simplifications to put the terms of a product into
|
||||
canonical order: This allows @samp{x y + y x} to be simplified easily to
|
||||
@samp{2 x y}.
|
||||
@samp{2 x y}.
|
||||
@end defun
|
||||
|
||||
@defun equal x y
|
||||
@ -35605,11 +35607,11 @@ be preserved. The default value of @code{calc-undo-length} is @expr{100}.
|
||||
|
||||
@defvar calc-gregorian-switch
|
||||
See @ref{Date Forms}.@*
|
||||
The variable @code{calc-gregorian-switch} is either a list of integers
|
||||
The variable @code{calc-gregorian-switch} is either a list of integers
|
||||
@code{(@var{YEAR} @var{MONTH} @var{DAY})} or @code{nil}.
|
||||
If it is @code{nil}, then Calc's date forms always represent Gregorian dates.
|
||||
Otherwise, @code{calc-gregorian-switch} represents the date that the
|
||||
calendar switches from Julian dates to Gregorian dates;
|
||||
calendar switches from Julian dates to Gregorian dates;
|
||||
@code{(@var{YEAR} @var{MONTH} @var{DAY})} will be the first Gregorian
|
||||
date. The customization buffer will offer several standard dates to
|
||||
choose from, or the user can enter their own date.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
|
||||
2012-11-22 Paul Eggert <eggert@cs.ucla.edu>
|
||||
|
||||
* NEWS: Document Calc changes for Gregorian calendar.
|
||||
|
||||
2012-10-26 Nicolas Goaziou <n.goaziou@gmail.com>
|
||||
|
||||
* refcards/orgcard.tex: Fix keybindings about
|
||||
|
||||
14
etc/NEWS
14
etc/NEWS
@ -29,6 +29,20 @@ so we will look at it and add it to the manual.
|
||||
|
||||
* Changes in Specialized Modes and Packages in Emacs 24.4
|
||||
|
||||
** Calc
|
||||
|
||||
*** Calc by default now uses the Gregorian calendar for all dates, and
|
||||
uses January 1, 1 AD as its day number 1. Previously Calc used the
|
||||
Julian calendar for dates before September 14, 1752, and it used
|
||||
December 31, 1 BC as its day number 1; the new scheme is more
|
||||
consistent with Calendar's calendrical system and day numbering.
|
||||
|
||||
*** The new variable `calc-gregorian-switch' lets you configure the
|
||||
date when Calc switches from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.
|
||||
Nil, the default value, means to always use the Gregorian calendar.
|
||||
The value (YEAR MONTH DAY) means to start using the Gregorian calendar
|
||||
on the given date.
|
||||
|
||||
+++
|
||||
** New function `ses-rename-cell' to give SES cells arbitrary names.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user