Quitting and Aborting
=====================

C-g
C-BREAK (MS-DOS only)
     Quit: cancel running or partially typed command.

C-]
     Abort innermost recursive editing level and cancel the command which invoked it (abort-recursive-edit).

ESC ESC ESC
     Either quit or abort, whichever makes sense (keyboard-escape-quit).

M-x top-level
     Abort all recursive editing levels that are currently executing.

C-x u
     Cancel a previously made change in the buffer contents (undo).

There are two ways of canceling commands which are not finished executing: quitting with C-g, and aborting with C-] or M-x top-level.  Quitting cancels a partially typed command or one which is already running.  Aborting exits a recursive editing level and cancels the command that invoked the recursive edit. (see Recursive Edit.)

Quitting with C-g is used for getting rid of a partially typed command, or a numeric argument that you don't want.  It also stops a running command in the middle in a relatively safe way, so you can use it if you accidentally give a command which takes a long time.  In particular, it is safe to quit out of killing; either your text will all still be in the buffer, or it will all be in the kill ring (or maybe both).  Quitting an incremental search does special things documented under searching; in general, it may take two successive C-g characters to get out of a search (see Incremental Search).

On MS-DOS, the character C-BREAK serves as a quit character like C-g.  The reason is that it is not feasible, on MS-DOS, to recognize C-g while a command is running, between interactions with the user.  By contrast, it is feasible to recognize C-BREAK at all times.  See MS-DOS Keyboard.

C-g works by setting the variable quit-flag to t the instant C-g is typed; Emacs Lisp checks this variable frequently and quits if it is non-nil.  C-g is only actually executed as a command if you type it while Emacs is waiting for input.  In that case, the command it runs is keyboard-quit.

On a text terminal, if you quit with C-g a second time before the first C-g is recognized, you activate the ``emergency escape'' feature and return to the shell.  See Emergency Escape.

There may be times when you cannot quit.  When Emacs is waiting for the operating system to do something, quitting is impossible unless special pains are taken for the particular system call within Emacs where the waiting occurs.  We have done this for the system calls that users are likely to want to quit from, but it's possible you will find another.  In one very common case---waiting for file input or output using NFS---Emacs itself knows how to quit, but many NFS implementations simply do not allow user programs to stop waiting for NFS when the NFS server is hung.

Aborting with C-] (abort-recursive-edit) is used to get out of a recursive editing level and cancel the command which invoked it.  Quitting with C-g does not do this, and could not do this, because it is used to cancel a partially typed command within the recursive editing level.  Both operations are useful.  For example, if you are in a recursive edit and type C-u 8 to enter a numeric argument, you can cancel that argument with C-g and remain in the recursive edit.

The command ESC ESC ESC (keyboard-escape-quit) can either quit or abort.  This key was defined because ESC is used to ``get out'' in many PC programs. It can cancel a prefix argument, clear a selected region, or get out of a Query Replace, like C-g.  It can get out of the minibuffer or a recursive edit, like C-].  It can also get out of splitting the frame into multiple windows, like C-x 1.  One thing it cannot do, however, is stop a command that is running.  That's because it executes as an ordinary command, and Emacs doesn't notice it until it is ready for a command.

The command M-x top-level is equivalent to ``enough'' C-] commands to get you out of all the levels of recursive edits that you are in.  C-] gets you out one level at a time, but M-x top-level goes out all levels at once.  Both C-] and M-x top-level are like all other commands, and unlike C-g, in that they take effect only when Emacs is ready for a command.  C-] is an ordinary key and has its meaning only because of its binding in the keymap.  See Recursive Edit.

C-x u (undo) is not strictly speaking a way of canceling a command, but you can think of it as canceling a command that already finished executing.  See Undo, for more information about the undo facility.

Dealing with Emacs Trouble
==========================

This section describes various conditions in which Emacs fails to work normally, and how to recognize them and correct them.  For a list of additional problems you might encounter, see Bugs and problems (GNU Emacs FAQ), and the file etc/PROBLEMS in the Emacs distribution.  Type C-h C-f to read the FAQ; type C-h C-e to read the PROBLEMS file.

If DEL Fails to Delete
----------------------

Every keyboard has a large key, a little ways above the RET or ENTER key, which you normally use outside Emacs to erase the last character that you typed.  We call this key the usual erasure key.  In Emacs, it is supposed to be equivalent to DEL, and when Emacs is properly configured for your terminal, it translates that key into the character DEL.

When Emacs starts up using a window system, it determines automatically which key should be DEL.  In some unusual cases Emacs gets the wrong information from the system.  If the usual erasure key deletes forwards instead of backwards, that is probably what happened---Emacs ought to be treating the DELETE key as DEL, but it isn't.

With a window system, if the usual erasure key is labeled BACKSPACE and there is a DELETE key elsewhere, but the DELETE key deletes backward instead of forward, that too suggests Emacs got the wrong information---but in the opposite sense. It ought to be treating the BACKSPACE key as DEL, and treating DELETE differently, but it isn't.

On a text-only terminal, if you find the usual erasure key prompts for a Help command, like Control-h, instead of deleting a character, it means that key is actually sending the BS character.  Emacs ought to be treating BS as DEL, but it isn't.

In all of those cases, the immediate remedy is the same: use the command M-x normal-erase-is-backspace-mode.  This toggles between the two modes that Emacs supports for handling DEL, so if Emacs starts in the wrong mode, it should switch to the right mode. On a text-only terminal, if you want to ask for help when BS is treated as DEL, use F1; C-? may also work, if it sends character code 127.

To fix the problem automatically for every Emacs session, you can put one of the following lines into your .emacs file (see Init File).  For the first case above, where DELETE deletes forwards instead of backwards, use this line to make DELETE act as DEL (resulting in behavior compatible with Emacs 20 and previous versions):

     (normal-erase-is-backspace-mode 0)

For the other two cases, where BACKSPACE ought to act as DEL, use this line:

     (normal-erase-is-backspace-mode 1)

Another way to fix the problem for every Emacs session is to customize the variable normal-erase-is-backspace: the value t specifies the mode where BS or BACKSPACE is DEL, and nil specifies the other mode.  See Easy Customization.

With a window system, it can also happen that the usual erasure key is labeled BACKSPACE, there is a DELETE key elsewhere, and both keys delete forward.  This probably means that someone has redefined your BACKSPACE key as a DELETE key.  With X, this is typically done with a command to the xmodmap program when you start the server or log in.  The most likely motive for this customization was to support old versions of Emacs, so we recommend you simply remove it now.

Recursive Editing Levels
------------------------

Recursive editing levels are important and useful features of Emacs, but they can seem like malfunctions to the user who does not understand them.

If the mode line has square brackets [...] around the parentheses that contain the names of the major and minor modes, you have entered a recursive editing level.  If you did not do this on purpose, or if you don't understand what that means, you should just get out of the recursive editing level.  To do so, type M-x top-level.  This is called getting back to top level.  See Recursive Edit.

Garbage on the Screen
---------------------

If the text on a text terminal looks wrong, the first thing to do is see whether it is wrong in the buffer.  Type C-l to redisplay the entire screen.  If the screen appears correct after this, the problem was entirely in the previous screen update.  (Otherwise, see the following section.)

Display updating problems often result from an incorrect termcap entry for the terminal you are using.  The file etc/TERMS in the Emacs distribution gives the fixes for known problems of this sort. INSTALL contains general advice for these problems in one of its sections.  Very likely there is simply insufficient padding for certain display operations.  To investigate the possibility that you have this sort of problem, try Emacs on another terminal made by a different manufacturer. If problems happen frequently on one kind of terminal but not another kind, it is likely to be a bad termcap entry, though it could also be due to a bug in Emacs that appears for terminals that have or that lack specific features.

Garbage in the Text
-------------------

If C-l shows that the text is wrong, try undoing the changes to it using C-x u until it gets back to a state you consider correct.  Also try C-h l to find out what command you typed to produce the observed results.

If a large portion of text appears to be missing at the beginning or end of the buffer, check for the word Narrow in the mode line. If it appears, the text you don't see is probably still present, but temporarily off-limits.  To make it accessible again, type C-x n w.  See Narrowing.

Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search
---------------------------------------

If Emacs spontaneously displays I-search: at the bottom of the screen, it means that the terminal is sending C-s and C-q according to the poorly designed xon/xoff ``flow control'' protocol.

If this happens to you, your best recourse is to put the terminal in a mode where it will not use flow control, or give it so much padding that it will never send a C-s.  (One way to increase the amount of padding is to set the variable baud-rate to a larger value.  Its value is the terminal output speed, measured in the conventional units of baud.)

If you don't succeed in turning off flow control, the next best thing is to tell Emacs to cope with it.  To do this, call the function enable-flow-control.

Typically there are particular terminal types with which you must use flow control.  You can conveniently ask for flow control on those terminal types only, using enable-flow-control-on.  For example, if you find you must use flow control on VT-100 and H19 terminals, put the following in your .emacs file:

     (enable-flow-control-on "vt100" "h19")

When flow control is enabled, you must type C-\ to get the effect of a C-s, and type C-^ to get the effect of a C-q.  (These aliases work by means of keyboard translations; see Keyboard Translations.)

Running out of Memory
---------------------

If you get the error message Virtual memory exceeded, save your modified buffers with C-x s.  This method of saving them has the smallest need for additional memory.  Emacs keeps a reserve of memory which it makes available when this error happens; that should be enough to enable C-x s to complete its work.

Once you have saved your modified buffers, you can exit this Emacs job and start another, or you can use M-x kill-some-buffers to free space in the current Emacs job.  If you kill buffers containing a substantial amount of text, you can safely go on editing.  Emacs refills its memory reserve automatically when it sees sufficient free space available, in case you run out of memory another time.

Do not use M-x buffer-menu to save or kill buffers when you run out of memory, because the buffer menu needs a fair amount of memory itself, and the reserve supply may not be enough.

Recovery After a Crash
----------------------

If Emacs or the computer crashes, you can recover the files you were editing at the time of the crash from their auto-save files.  To do this, start Emacs again and type the command M-x recover-session.

This command initially displays a buffer which lists interrupted session files, each with its date.  You must choose which session to recover from.  Typically the one you want is the most recent one.  Move point to the one you choose, and type C-c C-c.

Then recover-session asks about each of the files that you were editing during that session; it asks whether to recover that file.  If you answer y for a file, it shows the dates of that file and its auto-save file, then asks once again whether to recover that file.  For the second question, you must confirm with yes.  If you do, Emacs visits the file but gets the text from the auto-save file.

When recover-session is done, the files you've chosen to recover are present in Emacs buffers.  You should then save them.  Only this---saving them---updates the files themselves.

As a last resort, if you had buffers with content which were not associated with any files, or if the autosave was not recent enough to have recorded important changes, you can use the etc/emacs-buffer.gdb script with GDB (the GNU Debugger) to retrieve them from a core dump--provided that a core dump was saved, and that the Emacs executable was not stripped of its debugging symbols.

To use this script, run gdb with the file name of your Emacs executable and the file name of the core dump, e.g. gdb /usr/bin/emacs core.emacs.  At the (gdb) prompt, load the recovery script: source /usr/src/emacs/etc/emacs-buffer.gdb. Then type the command ybuffer-list to see which buffers are available.  For each buffer, it lists a buffer number.  To save a buffer, use ysave-buffer; you specify the buffer number, and the file name to write that buffer into.  You should use a file name which does not already exist; if the file does exist, the script does not make a backup of its old contents.

Emergency Escape
----------------

Because at times there have been bugs causing Emacs to loop without checking quit-flag, a special feature causes Emacs to be suspended immediately if you type a second C-g while the flag is already set, so you can always get out of GNU Emacs.  Normally Emacs recognizes and clears quit-flag (and quits!) quickly enough to prevent this from happening.  (On MS-DOS and compatible systems, type C-BREAK twice.)

When you resume Emacs after a suspension caused by multiple C-g, it asks two questions before going back to what it had been doing:

     Auto-save? (y or n)
     Abort (and dump core)? (y or n)

Answer each one with y or n followed by RET.

Saying y to Auto-save? causes immediate auto-saving of all modified buffers in which auto-saving is enabled.

Saying y to Abort (and dump core)? causes an illegal instruction to be executed, dumping core.  This is to enable a wizard to figure out why Emacs was failing to quit in the first place.  Execution does not continue after a core dump.  If you answer n, execution does continue.  With luck, GNU Emacs will ultimately check quit-flag and quit normally. If not, and you type another C-g, it is suspended again.

If Emacs is not really hung, just slow, you may invoke the double C-g feature without really meaning to.  Then just resume and answer n to both questions, and you will arrive at your former state. Presumably the quit you requested will happen soon.

The double C-g feature is turned off when Emacs is running under the X Window System, since you can use the window manager to kill Emacs or to create another window and run another program.

On MS-DOS and compatible systems, the emergency escape feature is sometimes unavailable, even if you press C-BREAK twice, when some system call (MS-DOS or BIOS) hangs, or when Emacs is stuck in a very tight endless loop (in C code, not in Lisp code).

Help for Total Frustration
--------------------------

If using Emacs (or something else) becomes terribly frustrating and none of the techniques described above solve the problem, Emacs can still help you.

First, if the Emacs you are using is not responding to commands, type C-g C-g to get out of it and then start a new one.

Second, type M-x doctor RET.

The doctor will help you feel better.  Each time you say something to the doctor, you must end it by typing RET RET.  This lets the doctor know you are finished.

Reporting Bugs
==============

Sometimes you will encounter a bug in Emacs.  Although we cannot promise we can or will fix the bug, and we might not even agree that it is a bug, we want to hear about problems you encounter.  Often we agree they are bugs and want to fix them.

To make it possible for us to fix a bug, you must report it.  In order to do so effectively, you must know when and how to do it.

Before reporting a bug, it is a good idea to see if it is already known.  You can find the list of known problems in the file etc/PROBLEMS in the Emacs distribution; type C-h C-e to read it.  Some additional user-level problems can be found in Bugs and problems (GNU Emacs FAQ).  Looking up your problem in these two documents might provide you with a solution or a work-around, or give you additional information about related issues.

When Is There a Bug
-------------------

If Emacs executes an illegal instruction, or dies with an operating system error message that indicates a problem in the program (as opposed to something like ``disk full''), then it is certainly a bug.

If Emacs updates the display in a way that does not correspond to what is in the buffer, then it is certainly a bug.  If a command seems to do the wrong thing but the problem corrects itself if you type C-l, it is a case of incorrect display updating.

Taking forever to complete a command can be a bug, but you must make certain that it was really Emacs's fault.  Some commands simply take a long time.  Type C-g (C-BREAK on MS-DOS) and then C-h l to see whether the input Emacs received was what you intended to type; if the input was such that you know it should have been processed quickly, report a bug.  If you don't know whether the command should take a long time, find out by looking in the manual or by asking for assistance.

If a command you are familiar with causes an Emacs error message in a case where its usual definition ought to be reasonable, it is probably a bug.

If a command does the wrong thing, that is a bug.  But be sure you know for certain what it ought to have done.  If you aren't familiar with the command, or don't know for certain how the command is supposed to work, then it might actually be working right.  Rather than jumping to conclusions, show the problem to someone who knows for certain.

Finally, a command's intended definition may not be the best possible definition for editing with.  This is a very important sort of problem, but it is also a matter of judgment.  Also, it is easy to come to such a conclusion out of ignorance of some of the existing features.  It is probably best not to complain about such a problem until you have checked the documentation in the usual ways, feel confident that you understand it, and know for certain that what you want is not available.  If you are not sure what the command is supposed to do after a careful reading of the manual, check the index and glossary for any terms that may be unclear.

If after careful rereading of the manual you still do not understand what the command should do, that indicates a bug in the manual, which you should report.  The manual's job is to make everything clear to people who are not Emacs experts---including you.  It is just as important to report documentation bugs as program bugs.

If the on-line documentation string of a function or variable disagrees with the manual, one of them must be wrong; that is a bug.

Understanding Bug Reporting
---------------------------

When you decide that there is a bug, it is important to report it and to report it in a way which is useful.  What is most useful is an exact description of what commands you type, starting with the shell command to run Emacs, until the problem happens.

The most important principle in reporting a bug is to report facts.  Hypotheses and verbal descriptions are no substitute for the detailed raw data.  Reporting the facts is straightforward, but many people strain to posit explanations and report them instead of the facts.  If the explanations are based on guesses about how Emacs is implemented, they will be useless; meanwhile, lacking the facts, we will have no real information about the bug.

For example, suppose that you type C-x C-f /glorp/baz.ugh RET, visiting a file which (you know) happens to be rather large, and Emacs displayed I feel pretty today.  The best way to report the bug is with a sentence like the preceding one, because it gives all the facts.

A bad way would be to assume that the problem is due to the size of the file and say, ``I visited a large file, and Emacs displayed I feel pretty today.''  This is what we mean by ``guessing explanations.''  The problem is just as likely to be due to the fact that there is a z in the file name.  If this is so, then when we got your report, we would try out the problem with some ``large file,'' probably with no z in its name, and not see any problem.  There is no way in the world that we could guess that we should try visiting a file with a z in its name.

Alternatively, the problem might be due to the fact that the file starts with exactly 25 spaces.  For this reason, you should make sure that you inform us of the exact contents of any file that is needed to reproduce the bug.  What if the problem only occurs when you have typed the C-x C-a command previously?  This is why we ask you to give the exact sequence of characters you typed since starting the Emacs session.

You should not even say ``visit a file'' instead of C-x C-f unless you know that it makes no difference which visiting command is used. Similarly, rather than saying ``if I have three characters on the line,'' say ``after I type RET A B C RET C-p,'' if that is the way you entered the text.

So please don't guess any explanations when you report a bug.  If you want to actually debug the problem, and report explanations that are more than guesses, that is useful---but please include the facts as well.

Checklist for Bug Reports
-------------------------

The best way to send a bug report is to mail it electronically to the Emacs maintainers at bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org, or to emacs-pretest-bug@gnu.org if you are pretesting an Emacs beta release.  (If you want to suggest a change as an improvement, use the same address.)

If you'd like to read the bug reports, you can find them on the newsgroup gnu.emacs.bug; keep in mind, however, that as a spectator you should not criticize anything about what you see there. The purpose of bug reports is to give information to the Emacs maintainers.  Spectators are welcome only as long as they do not interfere with this.  In particular, some bug reports contain fairly large amounts of data; spectators should not complain about this.

Please do not post bug reports using netnews; mail is more reliable than netnews about reporting your correct address, which we may need in order to ask you for more information.  If your data is more than 500,000 bytes, please don't include it directly in the bug report; instead, offer to send it on request, or make it available by ftp and say where.

If you can't send electronic mail, then mail the bug report on paper or machine-readable media to this address:

     GNU Emacs Bugs
     Free Software Foundation
     51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
     Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA

We do not promise to fix the bug; but if the bug is serious, or ugly, or easy to fix, chances are we will want to.

A convenient way to send a bug report for Emacs is to use the command M-x report-emacs-bug.  This sets up a mail buffer (see Sending Mail) and automatically inserts some of the essential information.  However, it cannot supply all the necessary information; you should still read and follow the guidelines below, so you can enter the other crucial information by hand before you send the message.

To enable maintainers to investigate a bug, your report should include all these things:

  * The version number of Emacs.  Without this, we won't know whether there is any point in looking for the bug in the current version of GNU Emacs.

     You can get the version number by typing M-x emacs-version RET.  If that command does not work, you probably have something other than GNU Emacs, so you will have to report the bug somewhere else.

  * The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and version number.  M-x emacs-version RET provides this information too.  Copy its output from the *Messages* buffer, so that you get it all and get it accurately.

  * The operands given to the configure command when Emacs was installed.

  * A complete list of any modifications you have made to the Emacs source. (We may not have time to investigate the bug unless it happens in an unmodified Emacs.  But if you've made modifications and you don't tell us, you are sending us on a wild goose chase.)

     Be precise about these changes.  A description in English is not enough---send a context diff for them.

     Adding files of your own, or porting to another machine, is a modification of the source.

  * Details of any other deviations from the standard procedure for installing GNU Emacs.

  * The complete text of any files needed to reproduce the bug.

     If you can tell us a way to cause the problem without visiting any files, please do so.  This makes it much easier to debug.  If you do need files, make sure you arrange for us to see their exact contents.  For example, it can often matter whether there are spaces at the ends of lines, or a newline after the last line in the buffer (nothing ought to care whether the last line is terminated, but try telling the bugs that).

  * The precise commands we need to type to reproduce the bug.

     The easy way to record the input to Emacs precisely is to write a dribble file.  To start the file, execute the Lisp expression

          (open-dribble-file "~/dribble")

     using M-: or from the *scratch* buffer just after starting Emacs.  From then on, Emacs copies all your input to the specified dribble file until the Emacs process is killed.

  * For possible display bugs, the terminal type (the value of environment variable TERM), the complete termcap entry for the terminal from /etc/termcap (since that file is not identical on all machines), and the output that Emacs actually sent to the terminal.

     The way to collect the terminal output is to execute the Lisp expression

          (open-termscript "~/termscript")

     using M-: or from the *scratch* buffer just after starting Emacs.  From then on, Emacs copies all terminal output to the specified termscript file as well, until the Emacs process is killed. If the problem happens when Emacs starts up, put this expression into your .emacs file so that the termscript file will be open when Emacs displays the screen for the first time.

     Be warned: it is often difficult, and sometimes impossible, to fix a terminal-dependent bug without access to a terminal of the type that stimulates the bug.

  * If non-ASCII text or internationalization is relevant, the locale that was current when you started Emacs.  On GNU/Linux and Unix systems, or if you use a Posix-style shell such as Bash, you can use this shell command to view the relevant values:

          echo LC_ALL=$LC_ALL LC_COLLATE=$LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE=$LC_CTYPE \
            LC_MESSAGES=$LC_MESSAGES LC_TIME=$LC_TIME LANG=$LANG

     Alternatively, use the locale command, if your system has it, to display your locale settings.

     You can use the M-! command to execute these commands from Emacs, and then copy the output from the *Messages* buffer into the bug report.  Alternatively, M-x getenv RET LC_ALL RET will display the value of LC_ALL in the echo area, and you can copy its output from the *Messages* buffer.

  * A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is incorrect.  For example, ``The Emacs process gets a fatal signal,'' or, ``The resulting text is as follows, which I think is wrong.''

     Of course, if the bug is that Emacs gets a fatal signal, then one can't miss it.  But if the bug is incorrect text, the maintainer might fail to notice what is wrong.  Why leave it to chance?

     Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still say so explicitly.  Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your copy of the source is out of sync, or you have encountered a bug in the C library on your system.  (This has happened!)  Your copy might crash and the copy here might not.  If you said to expect a crash, then when Emacs here fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening.  If you don't say to expect a crash, then we would not know whether the bug was happening---we would not be able to draw any conclusion from our observations.

  * If the bug is that the Emacs Manual or the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual fails to describe the actual behavior of Emacs, or that the text is confusing, copy in the text from the online manual which you think is at fault.  If the section is small, just the section name is enough.

  * If the manifestation of the bug is an Emacs error message, it is important to report the precise text of the error message, and a backtrace showing how the Lisp program in Emacs arrived at the error.

     To get the error message text accurately, copy it from the *Messages* buffer into the bug report.  Copy all of it, not just part.

     To make a backtrace for the error, use M-x toggle-debug-on-error before the error happens (that is to say, you must give that command and then make the bug happen).  This causes the error to run the Lisp debugger, which shows you a backtrace.  Copy the text of the debugger's backtrace into the bug report.  See The Lisp Debugger (the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual), for information on debugging Emacs Lisp programs with the Edebug package.

     This use of the debugger is possible only if you know how to make the bug happen again.  If you can't make it happen again, at least copy the whole error message.

  * Check whether any programs you have loaded into the Lisp world, including your .emacs file, set any variables that may affect the functioning of Emacs.  Also, see whether the problem happens in a freshly started Emacs without loading your .emacs file (start Emacs with the -q switch to prevent loading the init file).  If the problem does not occur then, you must report the precise contents of any programs that you must load into the Lisp world in order to cause the problem to occur.

  * If the problem does depend on an init file or other Lisp programs that are not part of the standard Emacs system, then you should make sure it is not a bug in those programs by complaining to their maintainers first.  After they verify that they are using Emacs in a way that is supposed to work, they should report the bug.

  * If you wish to mention something in the GNU Emacs source, show the line of code with a few lines of context.  Don't just give a line number.

     The line numbers in the development sources don't match those in your sources.  It would take extra work for the maintainers to determine what code is in your version at a given line number, and we could not be certain.

  * Additional information from a C debugger such as GDB might enable someone to find a problem on a machine which he does not have available. If you don't know how to use GDB, please read the GDB manual---it is not very long, and using GDB is easy.  You can find the GDB distribution, including the GDB manual in online form, in most of the same places you can find the Emacs distribution.  To run Emacs under GDB, you should switch to the src subdirectory in which Emacs was compiled, then do gdb emacs.  It is important for the directory src to be current so that GDB will read the .gdbinit file in this directory.

     However, you need to think when you collect the additional information if you want it to show what causes the bug.

     For example, many people send just a backtrace, but that is not very useful by itself.  A simple backtrace with arguments often conveys little about what is happening inside GNU Emacs, because most of the arguments listed in the backtrace are pointers to Lisp objects.  The numeric values of these pointers have no significance whatever; all that matters is the contents of the objects they point to (and most of the contents are themselves pointers).

     To provide useful information, you need to show the values of Lisp objects in Lisp notation.  Do this for each variable which is a Lisp object, in several stack frames near the bottom of the stack.  Look at the source to see which variables are Lisp objects, because the debugger thinks of them as integers.

     To show a variable's value in Lisp syntax, first print its value, then use the user-defined GDB command pr to print the Lisp object in Lisp syntax.  (If you must use another debugger, call the function debug_print with the object as an argument.)  The pr command is defined by the file .gdbinit, and it works only if you are debugging a running process (not with a core dump).

     To make Lisp errors stop Emacs and return to GDB, put a breakpoint at Fsignal.

     For a short listing of Lisp functions running, type the GDB command xbacktrace.

     The file .gdbinit defines several other commands that are useful for examining the data types and contents of Lisp objects.  Their names begin with x.  These commands work at a lower level than pr, and are less convenient, but they may work even when pr does not, such as when debugging a core dump or when Emacs has had a fatal signal.

     More detailed advice and other useful techniques for debugging Emacs are available in the file etc/DEBUG in the Emacs distribution. That file also includes instructions for investigating problems whereby Emacs stops responding (many people assume that Emacs is ``hung,'' whereas in fact it might be in an infinite loop).

     To find the file etc/DEBUG in your Emacs installation, use the directory name stored in the variable data-directory.

Here are some things that are not necessary in a bug report:

  * A description of the envelope of the bug---this is not necessary for a reproducible bug.

     Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which changes will not affect it.

     This is often time-consuming and not very useful, because the way we will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples. You might as well save time by not searching for additional examples. It is better to send the bug report right away, go back to editing, and find another bug to report.

     Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report instead of the original one, that is a convenience.  Errors in the output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take less time, etc.

     However, simplification is not vital; if you can't do this or don't have time to try, please report the bug with your original test case.

  * A core dump file.

     Debugging the core dump might be useful, but it can only be done on your machine, with your Emacs executable.  Therefore, sending the core dump file to the Emacs maintainers won't be useful.  Above all, don't include the core file in an email bug report!  Such a large message can be extremely inconvenient.

  * A system-call trace of Emacs execution.

     System-call traces are very useful for certain special kinds of debugging, but in most cases they give little useful information.  It is therefore strange that many people seem to think that the way to report information about a crash is to send a system-call trace.  Perhaps this is a habit formed from experience debugging programs that don't have source code or debugging symbols.

     In most programs, a backtrace is normally far, far more informative than a system-call trace.  Even in Emacs, a simple backtrace is generally more informative, though to give full information you should supplement the backtrace by displaying variable values and printing them as Lisp objects with pr (see above).

  * A patch for the bug.

     A patch for the bug is useful if it is a good one.  But don't omit the other information that a bug report needs, such as the test case, on the assumption that a patch is sufficient.  We might see problems with your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.  And if we can't understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your patch should be an improvement, we mustn't install it.

     See Sending Patches, for guidelines on how to make it easy for us to understand and install your patches.

  * A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.

     Such guesses are usually wrong.  Even experts can't guess right about such things without first using the debugger to find the facts.

Sending Patches for GNU Emacs
-----------------------------

If you would like to write bug fixes or improvements for GNU Emacs, that is very helpful.  When you send your changes, please follow these guidelines to make it easy for the maintainers to use them.  If you don't follow these guidelines, your information might still be useful, but using it will take extra work.  Maintaining GNU Emacs is a lot of work in the best of circumstances, and we can't keep up unless you do your best to help.

  * Send an explanation with your changes of what problem they fix or what improvement they bring about.  For a bug fix, just include a copy of the bug report, and explain why the change fixes the bug.

     (Referring to a bug report is not as good as including it, because then we will have to look it up, and we have probably already deleted it if we've already fixed the bug.)

  * Always include a proper bug report for the problem you think you have fixed.  We need to convince ourselves that the change is right before installing it.  Even if it is correct, we might have trouble understanding it if we don't have a way to reproduce the problem.

  * Include all the comments that are appropriate to help people reading the source in the future understand why this change was needed.

  * Don't mix together changes made for different reasons. Send them individually.

     If you make two changes for separate reasons, then we might not want to install them both.  We might want to install just one.  If you send them all jumbled together in a single set of diffs, we have to do extra work to disentangle them---to figure out which parts of the change serve which purpose.  If we don't have time for this, we might have to ignore your changes entirely.

     If you send each change as soon as you have written it, with its own explanation, then two changes never get tangled up, and we can consider each one properly without any extra work to disentangle them.

  * Send each change as soon as that change is finished.  Sometimes people think they are helping us by accumulating many changes to send them all together.  As explained above, this is absolutely the worst thing you could do.

     Since you should send each change separately, you might as well send it right away.  That gives us the option of installing it immediately if it is important.

  * Use diff -c to make your diffs.  Diffs without context are hard to install reliably.  More than that, they are hard to study; we must always study a patch to decide whether we want to install it.  Unidiff format is better than contextless diffs, but not as easy to read as -c format.

     If you have GNU diff, use diff -c -F'^[_a-zA-Z0-9$]+ *(' when making diffs of C code.  This shows the name of the function that each change occurs in.

  * Avoid any ambiguity as to which is the old version and which is the new. Please make the old version the first argument to diff, and the new version the second argument.  And please give one version or the other a name that indicates whether it is the old version or your new changed one.

  * Write the change log entries for your changes.  This is both to save us the extra work of writing them, and to help explain your changes so we can understand them.

     The purpose of the change log is to show people where to find what was changed.  So you need to be specific about what functions you changed; in large functions, it's often helpful to indicate where within the function the change was.

     On the other hand, once you have shown people where to find the change, you need not explain its purpose in the change log.  Thus, if you add a new function, all you need to say about it is that it is new.  If you feel that the purpose needs explaining, it probably does---but put the explanation in comments in the code.  It will be more useful there.

     Please read the ChangeLog files in the src and lisp directories to see what sorts of information to put in, and to learn the style that we use.  If you would like your name to appear in the header line, showing who made the change, send us the header line. See Change Log.

  * When you write the fix, keep in mind that we can't install a change that would break other systems.  Please think about what effect your change will have if compiled on another type of system.

     Sometimes people send fixes that might be an improvement in general---but it is hard to be sure of this.  It's hard to install such changes because we have to study them very carefully.  Of course, a good explanation of the reasoning by which you concluded the change was correct can help convince us.

     The safest changes are changes to the configuration files for a particular machine.  These are safe because they can't create new bugs on other machines.

     Please help us keep up with the workload by designing the patch in a form that is clearly safe to install.

Contributing to Emacs Development
=================================

If you would like to help pretest Emacs releases to assure they work well, or if you would like to work on improving Emacs, please contact the maintainers at emacs-devel@gnu.org.  A pretester should be prepared to investigate bugs as well as report them.  If you'd like to work on improving Emacs, please ask for suggested projects or suggest your own ideas.

If you have already written an improvement, please tell us about it.  If you have not yet started work, it is useful to contact emacs-devel@gnu.org before you start; it might be possible to suggest ways to make your extension fit in better with the rest of Emacs.

The development version of Emacs can be downloaded from the CVS repository where it is actively maintained by a group of developers. See the Emacs project page http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/emacs/ for details.

How To Get Help with GNU Emacs
==============================

If you need help installing, using or changing GNU Emacs, there are two ways to find it:

  * Send a message to the mailing list help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org, or post your request on newsgroup gnu.emacs.help.  (This mailing list and newsgroup interconnect, so it does not matter which one you use.)

  * Look in the service directory for someone who might help you for a fee. The service directory is found in the file named etc/SERVICE in the Emacs distribution.