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593 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
Copyright (C) 2007-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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See the end of the file for license conditions.
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NOTES ON COPYRIGHTS AND LICENSES
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Some terminology:
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A "copyright notice" consists of one or a few lines of this format:
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"Copyright (C) 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
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A "license notice" is a statement of permissions, and is usually much
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longer, eg the text "GNU Emacs is free software...".
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Summary for the impatient:
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1. Don't add code to Emacs written by someone other than yourself
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without thinking about the legal aspect. Even if the changes are
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trivial, consider if they combine with previous changes by the same
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author to make a non-trivial total. If so, make sure they have an
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assignment. If adding a whole file adjust the copyright statements in
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the file.
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2. When installing code written by someone else, the commit
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should be in the name of the author of the code, not the person who
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installs it. Also use commit's "--author" option.
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Do not install any of your own changes in the same commit.
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3. With images, add the legal info to a README file in the directory
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containing the image.
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4. If you add a lot of text to a previously trivial file that had no
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legal notices, consider if you should add a copyright statement.
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5. Please don't just add an FSF copyright without checking that is the
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right thing to do.
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Every non-trivial file distributed through the Emacs repository should be
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self-explanatory in terms of copyright and license. This includes
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files that are not distributed in Emacs releases (for example, the
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admin/ directory), because the whole Emacs repository is publicly
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available.
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The definition of triviality is a little vague, but a rule of thumb is
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that any file with less than 15 lines of actual content is trivial. If
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a file is auto-generated (eg ldefs-boot.el) from another one in the
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repository, then it does not really matter about adding a copyright
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statement to the generated file.
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Legal advice says that we could, if we wished, put a license notice
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even in trivial files, because copyright law in general looks at the
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overall work as a whole. It is not _necessary_ to do so, and rms
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prefers that we do not. This means one needs to take care that trivial
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files do not grow and become non-trivial without having a license
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added. NB consequently, if you add a lot of text to a small file,
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consider whether your changes have made the file worthy of a copyright
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notice, and if so, please add one.
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It can be helpful to put a reminder comment at the start of a trivial
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file, eg: "add a license notice if this grows to > 10 lines of code".
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The years in the copyright notice should be updated every year (see
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file "years" in this directory). The PDF versions of refcards etc
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should display copyright notices (an exception to the rule about
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"generated" files), but these can just display the latest year. The
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full list of years should be kept in comments in the source file. If
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these are distributed in the repository, check in a regenerated
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version when the tex files are updated.
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Copyright changes should be propagated to any associated repositories
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(eg Gnus, MH-E), but I think in every case this happens automatically
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(?).
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All README (and other such text files) that are non-trivial should
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contain copyright statements and GPL license notices, exactly as .el
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files do (see e.g. README in the top-level directory). Before 2007,
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we used a simple, short statement permitting copying and modification
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provided legal notices were retained. In Feb 2007 we switched to the
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standard GPL text, on legal advice. Some older text files in etc/
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should, however, keep their current licenses (see below for list).
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For image files, the copyright and license details should be recorded
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in a README file in each directory with images. (Legal advice says
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that we need not add notices to each image file individually, if they
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allow for that.). It is recommended to use the word "convert" to
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describe the automatic process of changing an image from one format to
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another (https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-devel/2007-02/msg00618.html).
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When installing a file with an "unusual" license (after checking first
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it is ok), put a copy of the copyright and license in the file (if
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possible. It's ok if this makes the file incompatible with its
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original format, if it can still be used by Emacs), or in a README
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file in the relevant directory.
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The vast majority of files are copyright FSF and distributed under the
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GPL. A few files (mainly related to language and charset support) are
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copyright AIST alone, or both AIST and FSF. (Contact Kenichi Handa
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with questions about legal issues in such files.) In all these cases,
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the copyright years in each file should be updated each year.
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There are some exceptions to the points in the previous paragraph, and
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these are listed below for reference, together with any files where
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the copyright needs to be updated in "unusual" ways.
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If you find any other such cases, please consult to check they are ok,
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and note them in this file. This includes missing copyright notices,
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and "odd" copyright holders. In most cases, individual authors should
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not appear in copyright statements. Either the copyright has been
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assigned (check copyright.list) to the FSF (in which case the original
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author should be removed and the year(s) transferred to the FSF); or
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else it is possible the file should not be in Emacs at all (please
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report!).
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Note that it seems painfully clear that one cannot rely on commit logs,
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or even change log entries, for older changes. People often installed
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changes from others, without recording the true authorship.
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[For reference, most of these points were established via email with
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rms, 2007/1, "Copyright years".
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In March 2011, information on some files no longer included was removed.
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Consult older versions of this document if interested.]
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lisp/version.el # emacs-copyright
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lib-src/ebrowse.c # version
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lib-src/etags.c # print_version
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lib-src/rcs2log # Copyright
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Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents/Info.plist
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Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents/Resources/English.lproj/InfoPlist.strings
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GNUstep/Emacs.base/Resources/Info-gnustep.plist
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'set-copyright' in admin.el will do all the above.
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aclocal.m4
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configure
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m4/*.m4
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- These files are copyright FSF, with unlimited permission to copy,
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distribute and modify, so long as the copyright notice is preserved.
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Exception: m4/pkg.m4 is copyright Scott James Remnant; it is
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distributed under the same terms as for the rest of Emacs.
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lib/Makefile.in
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- copyright FSF, with MIT-like license
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build-aux/install-sh
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- this file is copyright MIT, which is OK. Leave the copyright alone.
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etc/refcards/*.tex
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also update the \def\year macro for the latest year.
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etc/future-bug
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- doesn't need a humorless disclaimer, because Karl Fogel says we
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can consider it part of Emacs, and he has a blanker disclaimer for
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Emacs changes. (email to rgm "[Emacs-commit] emacs/etc future-bug",
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2007028)
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etc/letter.pbm,letter.xpm
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- trivial, no notice needed.
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<https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-devel/2007-02/msg00324.html>
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etc/HELLO
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standard notices. Just a note that although the file itself is not
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really copyrightable, in the wider context of it being part of
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Emacs (and written by those with assignments), a standard notice is
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fine.
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etc/MAILINGLISTS
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rms: simple license is fine for this file
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leim/CXTERM-DIC/4Corner.tit, ARRAY30.tit, CCDOSPY.tit, ECDICT.tit,
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ETZY.tit, PY-b5.tit, Punct-b5.tit, Punct.tit, QJ-b5.tit, QJ.tit,
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SW.tit, TONEPY.tit, ZOZY.tit
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- leave the copyrights alone.
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leim/MISC-DIC/CTLau-b5.html, CTLau.html, cangjie-table.b5, cangjie-table.cns,
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pinyin.map, ziranma.cin
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- leave the copyright alone.
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Note that pinyin.map, ziranma.cin (and hence the generated
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leim/quail/PY.el, ZIRANMA.el) are under GPLv1 or later.
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leim/SKK-DIC/SKK-JISYO.L
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ja-dic/ja-dic.el
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(the latter is auto-generated from the former). Leave the copyright alone.
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lib-src/etags.c
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Copyright information is duplicated in etc/ETAGS.README. Update that
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file too.
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Until 2007 etags.c was described as being copyright FSF and Ken Arnold.
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After some investigation in Feb 2007, then to the best of our
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knowledge we believe that the original 1984 Emacs version was based
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on the version in BSD4.2. See for example this 1985 post from Ken Arnold:
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<https://groups.google.com/group/mod.sources/browse_thread/thread/ffe5c55845a640a9>
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I have received enough requests for the current source to ctags
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to post it. Here is the latest version (what will go out with
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4.3, modulo any bugs fixed during the beta period). It is the
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4.2 ctags with recognition of yacc and lex tags added.
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See also a 1984 version of ctags (no copyright) posted to net.sources:
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<https://groups.google.com/group/net.sources/msg/a21b6c21be12a98d>
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Version of etags.c in emacs-16.56 duplicates comment typos.
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Accordingly, in Feb 2007 we added a 1984 copyright for the
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University of California and a revised BSD license. The terms of
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this require that the full license details be available in binary
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distributions - hence the file etc/ETAGS.README. The fact that the
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--version output just says "Copyright <year> FSF" is apparently OK
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from a legal point of view.
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lisp/cedet/semantic/imenu.el
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- See https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-devel/2010-03/msg00410.html
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in which Eric Ludlam established that the remaining contributions
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from authors other than himself were negligible.
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lisp/play/tetris.el
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- no special rules about the copyright. We note here that we believe
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(2007/1) there is no problem with our use of the name "tetris" or
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the concept.
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rms: "My understanding is that game rules as such are not copyrightable."
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<https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-devel/2007-01/msg00960.html>
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rms: Legal advice is that we are ok and need not worry about this.
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lisp/net/tramp.el
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- there are also copyrights in the body of the file. Update these too.
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lwlib/
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rms (2007/02/17): "lwlib is not assigned to the FSF; we don't consider
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it part of Emacs. [...] Therefore non-FSF copyrights are ok in lwlib."
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NB don't change the GPL version used for lwlib .c and .h files (see
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below).
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FSF copyrights should only appear in files which have undergone
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non-trivial cumulative changes from the original versions in the Lucid
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Widget Library. NB this means that if you make non-trivial changes to
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a file with no FSF copyright, you should add one. Also, if changes are
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reverted to the extent that a file becomes basically the same as the
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original version, the FSF copyright should be removed.
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In my (rgm) opinion, as of Feb 2007, all the non-trivial files differ
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significantly from the original versions, with the exception of
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lwlib-Xm.h. Most of the changes that were made to this file have
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subsequently been reverted. Therefore I removed the FSF copyright from
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this file (which is arguably too trivial to merit a notice anyway). I
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added FSF copyright to the following files which did not have them
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already: Makefile.in, lwlib-Xaw.c, lwlib-int.h (borderline),
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lwlib-utils.c (borderline), lwlib.c, lwlib.h.
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Copyright years before the advent of public CVS in 2001 were those
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when I judged (from the CVS logs) that non-trivial amounts of change
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had taken place. I also adjusted the existing FSF years in xlwmenu.c,
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xlwmenu.h, and xlwmenuP.h on the same basis.
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Note that until Feb 2007, the following files in lwlib were lacking
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notices: lwlib-int.h, lwlib.h, lwlib-Xaw.h, lwlib-Xlw.h, lwlib-utils.h
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The following files did not list a Lucid copyright: xlwmenu.h,
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xlwmenuP.h.
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To the best of our knowledge, all the code files in lwlib were
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originally part of the Lucid Widget Library, even if they did not say
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so explicitly. For example, they were all present in Lucid Emacs 19.1
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in 1992. The exceptions are the two Xaw files, which did not appear
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till Lucid Emacs 19.9 in 1994. The file lwlib-Xaw.h is too trivial to
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merit a copyright notice, but would presumably have the same one as
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lwlib-Xaw.c. We have been unable to find a true standalone version of
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LWL, if there was such a thing, to check definitively.
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To clarify the situation, in Feb 2007 we added Lucid copyrights and
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GPL notices to those files lacking either that were non-trivial,
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namely: lwlib-int.h, lwlib.h, xlwmenu.h, xlwmenuP.h. This represents
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our best understanding of the legal status of these files. We also
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clarified the notices in Makefile.in, which was originally the
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Makefile auto-generated from Lucid's Imakefile.
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As of Feb 2007, the following files are considered too trivial for
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notices: lwlib-Xaw.h, lwlib-Xlw.h, lwlib-utils.h.
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The version of lwlib/ first installed in Emacs seems to be the same as
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that used in Lucid Emacs 19.8 (released 6-sep-93); except the two Xaw
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files, which did not appear till Athena support was added in Lucid
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Emacs 19.9. In Lucid Emacs 19.1, all files were under GPLv1 or later,
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but by Lucid Emacs 19.8, lwlib.c and xlwmenu.c had been switched to v2
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or later. These are the versions that were first installed in Emacs.
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So in GNU Emacs, these two files have been under v2 or later since
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1994.
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It seems that it was the intention of Lucid to use v1 or later
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(excepting the two files mentioned previously); so this is the license
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we have used when adding notices to code that did not have notices
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originally. Although we have the legal right to switch to v2 or later,
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rms prefers that we do not do so.
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doc/*/doclicense.texi
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- leave the copyright alone in this imported file.
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doc/*/*.texi - All manuals should be under GFDL (but see below), and
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should include a copy of it, so that they can be distributed
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separately. faq.texi has a different license, for some reason no-one
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can remember.
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https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-devel/2007-04/msg00583.html
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https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-devel/2007-04/msg00618.html
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doc/misc/mh-e.texi is dual-licensed (GPL and GFDL) per agreement with
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FSF (reconfirmed by rms Aug 25 2008). Discussion with
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licensing@fsf.org starting on Thu, 07 Aug 2003 with subject:
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"[gnu.org #58812] Changing license of MH-E manual"
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msdos/sed*.inp - These files are copyright FSF and distributed under
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an MIT-like license.
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oldXMenu/
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Keep the "copyright.h" method used by X11, rather than moving the
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licenses into the files. Note that the original X10.h did not use
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copyright.h, but had an explicit notice, which we retain.
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If you make non-trivial changes to a file which does not have an FSF
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notice, add one and a GPL notice (as per Activate.c). If changes to a
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file are reverted such that it becomes essentially the same as the
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original X11 version, remove the FSF notice and GPL.
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Only the files which differ significantly from the original X11
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versions should have FSF copyright and GPL notices. At time of writing
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(Feb 2007), this is: Activate.c, Create.c, Internal.c. I (rgm)
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established this by diff'ing the current files against those in X11R1,
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and when I found significant differences looking in the ChangeLog for
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the years they originated (the CVS logs are truncated before 1999). I
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therefore removed the FSF notices (added in 200x) from the other
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files. There are some borderline cases IMO: AddSel.c, InsSel.c,
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XMakeAssoc.c, XMenu.h. For these I erred on the side of NOT adding FSF
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notices.
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With regards to whether the files we have changed should have GPL
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added or not, rms says (2007-02-25, "oldXmenu issues"):
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It does not make much difference, because oldXmenu is obsolete
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except for use in Emacs (and it is not normally used in Emacs any
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more either).
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So, to make things simple, please put our changes under the GPL.
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insque.c had no copyright notice until 2005. The version of insque.c
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added to Emacs 1992-01-27 is essentially the same as insremque.c added
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to glic three days later by Roland McGrath, with an FSF copyright and
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GPL, but no ChangeLog entry.
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To the best of his recollection, McGrath (who has a copyright
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assignment) was the author of this file (email from roland at frob.com
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to rms, 2007-02-23, "Where did insque.c come from?"). The FSF
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copyright and GPL in this file are therefore correct as far as we
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understand it.
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Imakefile had no legal info in Feb 2007, but was obviously based on
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the X11 version (which also had no explicit legal info). As it was
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unused, I removed it. It would have the same MIT copyright as
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Makefile.in does now.
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src/gmalloc.c
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- contains numerous copyrights from the GNU C library. Leave them alone.
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nt/inc/dirent.h
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- see comments below. This file is OK to be released with Emacs
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22, but we may want to revisit it afterwards.
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** Some notes on resolved issues, for historical information only
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etc/TERMS
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rms: "surely written either by me or by ESR. (If you can figure out
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which year, I can probably tell you which.) Either way, we have papers
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for it." It was present in Emacs-16.56 (15-jul-85). rms: "Then I
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conclude it was written by me."
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lisp/term/README
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- had no copyright notice till Feb 2007. ChangeLog.3 suggests it was
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written by Eric Raymond. When asked by rms on 14 Feb 2007 he said:
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I don't remember writing it, but it reads like my prose and I believe
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I wrote the feature(s) it's describing. So I would have been the
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likeliest person to write it.
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Odds are that I did, but I'm not certain.
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Accordingly, FSF copyright was added.
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src/unexhp9k800.c
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https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-devel/2007-02/msg00138.html
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- briefly removed due to legal uncertainly Jan-Mar 2007. The
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relevant assignment is under "hp9k800" in copyright.list. File was
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written by John V. Morris at HP, and disclaimed by the author and
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HP. So this file is public domain.
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lisp/progmodes/python.el
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Dave Love alerted us to a potential legal problem:
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https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-pretest-bug/2007-04/msg00459.html
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On consultation with a lawyer, we found there was no problem:
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https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-devel/2007-05/msg00466.html
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** Issues that are "fixed" for the release of Emacs 22, but we may
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wish to revisit later in more detail
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admin/check-doc-strings
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File says it's in the public domain, but that might not make it so.
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etc/e/eterm-color.ti
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nt/inc/dirent.h
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On legal advice from Matt Norwood, the following comment was added
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to these files in Feb/Mar 2007:
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The code here is forced by the interface, and is not subject to
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copyright, constituting the only possible expression of the
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algorithm in this format.
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With the addition of this notice, these files are OK for the
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upcoming Emacs-22 release. Post-release, we can revisit this issue
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and possibly add a list of all authors who have changed these files.
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(details in email from Matt Norwood to rms, 2007/02/03).
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src/s/aix3-2.h, hpux8.h, hpux9.h, irix5-0.h, netbsd.h, usg5-4-2.h
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[note some of these have since been merged into other files]
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- all these (not obviously trivial) files were missing copyrights
|
||
till Feb 2007, when FSF copyright was added. Matt Norwood advised:
|
||
|
||
For now, I think the best policy is to assume that we do have
|
||
assignments from the authors (I recall many of these header files
|
||
as having been originally written by rms), and to attach an FSF
|
||
copyright with GPL notice. We can amend this if and when we
|
||
complete the code audit. Any additions to these files by
|
||
non-assigned authors are arguably "de minimis" contributions to
|
||
Emacs: small changes or suggestions to a work that are subsumed in
|
||
the main authors' copyright in the entire work.
|
||
|
||
Here is my (rgm) take on the details of the above files:
|
||
|
||
? irix5-0.h
|
||
I would say started non-trivial (1993, jimb, heavily based
|
||
on irix4-0.h). A few borderline non-tiny changes since.
|
||
|
||
usg5-4-2.h
|
||
started non-trivial, but was heavily based on usg5-4.h, which was and is
|
||
copyright FSF. only tiny changes since installed.
|
||
|
||
aix3-2.h, hpux8.h, hpux9.h, netbsd.h
|
||
started trivial, grown in tiny changes.
|
||
|
||
netbsd.h:
|
||
Roland McGrath said to rms (2007/02/17): "I don't really remember
|
||
anything about it. If I put it in without other comment, then probably
|
||
I wrote it myself."
|
||
|
||
|
||
Someone might want to tweak the copyright years (for dates before
|
||
2001) that I used in all these files.
|
||
|
||
Note: erring on the side of caution, I also added notices to some
|
||
files I thought might be considered non-trivial (if one includes
|
||
comment) in s/:
|
||
aix4-1.h hpux10.h irix6-5.h
|
||
sol2.h
|
||
|
||
(everything with > 30 non-blank lines, which at least is _some_ kind of
|
||
system)
|
||
|
||
|
||
*** These are copyright issues that need not be fixed until after
|
||
Emacs 22 is released (though if they can be fixed before, that is
|
||
obviously good):
|
||
|
||
|
||
Is it OK to just remove a file for legal reasons, or is something more
|
||
drastic (excision from the entire repository history) needed? A
|
||
removed file is still available from the repository, if suitable
|
||
options are applied. (This issue obviously does not affect a release).
|
||
rms: will ask lawyer
|
||
|
||
|
||
Make sure that all files with non-standard copyrights or licenses are
|
||
noted in this file.
|
||
|
||
|
||
REMOVED etc/gnu.xpm, nt/icons/emacs21.ico, nt/icons/sink.ico
|
||
- Restore if find legal info. emacs21.ico is not due to Davenport.
|
||
Geoff Voelker checked but could not find a record of where it came
|
||
from.
|
||
|
||
|
||
etc/images
|
||
Image files from GTK, Gnome are under GPLv2 (no "or later"?). RMS will
|
||
contact image authors in regards to future switch to v3.
|
||
|
||
|
||
etc/TUTORIAL* (translations)
|
||
switch to GPL (see english TUTORIAL)
|
||
rms: "We can leave the TUTORIAL translations alone until their
|
||
maintainers update them."
|
||
Can adapt short license text from end of GPL translations at:
|
||
https://www.gnu.org/licenses/translations.html
|
||
Only a few sentences around the license notice need changing from
|
||
previous version.
|
||
Done: TUTORIAL.eo
|
||
|
||
|
||
*** These are copyright issues still to be addressed:
|
||
|
||
None known.
|
||
|
||
|
||
** NOTES ON RELICENSING TO GPL3
|
||
|
||
The EMACS_22_BASE branch was changed to GPLv3 (or later) 2007/07/25.
|
||
|
||
Some notes:
|
||
(see https://lists.gnu.org/r/emacs-devel/2007-07/msg01431.html)
|
||
|
||
1. There are some files in the Emacs tree which are not part of Emacs (eg
|
||
those included from Gnulib). These are all copyright FSF and (at time
|
||
of writing) GPL >= 2. rms says may as well leave the licenses of these
|
||
alone (may import them from Gnulib again). These are:
|
||
|
||
Gnulib:
|
||
build-aux/config.guess
|
||
build-aux/config.sub
|
||
build-aux/move-if-change
|
||
doc/man/texinfo.tex
|
||
lib/*.[ch]
|
||
lib/gnulib.mk.in
|
||
src/gmalloc.c
|
||
src/termcap.c
|
||
src/tparam.c
|
||
|
||
Note _not_ included in the above are src/regex.{c,h} (rms: "That
|
||
forked version is only in Emacs, so definitely relicense that."), and
|
||
oldXMenu/insque.c (rms: "We wrote that specifically for Emacs, so
|
||
definitely relicense that.").
|
||
|
||
2. The files that are copyright FSF and AIST, or AIST alone, should be
|
||
and were updated, ditto the oldXMenu files with FSF copyright.
|
||
|
||
3. lwlib/
|
||
|
||
Files originally in Lucid Widget Library were left alone (excludes
|
||
ChangeLog, etc), ie remain under GPL v1 or later, or v2 or later.
|
||
(rms: "We may as well leave this alone, since we are never going to
|
||
change it much.")
|
||
|
||
4. There are some files where the FSF holds no copyright. These were
|
||
left alone:
|
||
|
||
leim/MISC-DIC/CTLau-b5.html >= v2
|
||
leim/MISC-DIC/CTLau.html >= v2
|
||
(above included in lisp/international/titdic-cnv.el)
|
||
leim/MISC-DIC/pinyin.map >= v1
|
||
leim/MISC-DIC/ziranma.cin >= v1
|
||
leim/SKK-DIC/SKK-JISYO.L >= v2
|
||
leim/SKK-DIC/README >= v2
|
||
leim/ja-dic/ja-dic.el >= v2
|
||
|
||
5. At time of writing, some non-Emacs icons included from Gnome remain
|
||
under GPLv2 (no "or later"). See:
|
||
|
||
etc/images/gnus/README
|
||
etc/images/mail/README
|
||
etc/images/README
|
||
nt/icons/README
|
||
|
||
|
||
This file is part of GNU Emacs.
|
||
|
||
GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
|
||
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
||
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
|
||
(at your option) any later version.
|
||
|
||
GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|
||
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
||
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
|
||
GNU General Public License for more details.
|
||
|
||
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|
||
along with GNU Emacs. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
|