1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@c -*-texinfo-*-
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@c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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2000-01-05 14:59:32 +00:00
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@c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999
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@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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@setfilename ../info/loading
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1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
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@node Loading, Byte Compilation, Customization, Top
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@chapter Loading
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@cindex loading
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@cindex library
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@cindex Lisp library
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Loading a file of Lisp code means bringing its contents into the Lisp
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environment in the form of Lisp objects. Emacs finds and opens the
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file, reads the text, evaluates each form, and then closes the file.
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The load functions evaluate all the expressions in a file just
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as the @code{eval-current-buffer} function evaluates all the
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expressions in a buffer. The difference is that the load functions
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read and evaluate the text in the file as found on disk, not the text
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in an Emacs buffer.
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@cindex top-level form
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The loaded file must contain Lisp expressions, either as source code
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1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
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or as byte-compiled code. Each form in the file is called a
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@dfn{top-level form}. There is no special format for the forms in a
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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loadable file; any form in a file may equally well be typed directly
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into a buffer and evaluated there. (Indeed, most code is tested this
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way.) Most often, the forms are function definitions and variable
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definitions.
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A file containing Lisp code is often called a @dfn{library}. Thus,
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the ``Rmail library'' is a file containing code for Rmail mode.
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Similarly, a ``Lisp library directory'' is a directory of files
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containing Lisp code.
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@menu
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* How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others.
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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* Library Search:: Finding a library to load.
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1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
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* Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@sc{ascii} characters in Emacs Lisp files.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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* Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload.
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* Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice.
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1995-06-06 19:21:15 +00:00
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* Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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* Unloading:: How to ``unload'' a library that was loaded.
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* Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when
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particular libraries are loaded.
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@end menu
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@node How Programs Do Loading
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@section How Programs Do Loading
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Emacs Lisp has several interfaces for loading. For example,
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1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
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@code{autoload} creates a placeholder object for a function defined in a
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file; trying to call the autoloading function loads the file to get the
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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function's real definition (@pxref{Autoload}). @code{require} loads a
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1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
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file if it isn't already loaded (@pxref{Named Features}). Ultimately,
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all these facilities call the @code{load} function to do the work.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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@defun load filename &optional missing-ok nomessage nosuffix must-suffix
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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This function finds and opens a file of Lisp code, evaluates all the
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forms in it, and closes the file.
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To find the file, @code{load} first looks for a file named
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@file{@var{filename}.elc}, that is, for a file whose name is
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@var{filename} with @samp{.elc} appended. If such a file exists, it is
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loaded. If there is no file by that name, then @code{load} looks for a
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1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
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file named @file{@var{filename}.el}. If that file exists, it is loaded.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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Finally, if neither of those names is found, @code{load} looks for a
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file named @var{filename} with nothing appended, and loads it if it
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exists. (The @code{load} function is not clever about looking at
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@var{filename}. In the perverse case of a file named @file{foo.el.el},
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evaluation of @code{(load "foo.el")} will indeed find it.)
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If the optional argument @var{nosuffix} is non-@code{nil}, then the
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suffixes @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el} are not tried. In this case, you
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1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
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must specify the precise file name you want. By specifying the precise
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file name and using @code{t} for @var{nosuffix}, you can prevent
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perverse file names such as @file{foo.el.el} from being tried.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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If the optional argument @var{must-suffix} is non-@code{nil}, then
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@code{load} insists that the file name used must end in either
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@samp{.el} or @samp{.elc}, unless it contains an explicit directory
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name. If @var{filename} does not contain an explicit directory name,
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and does not end in a suffix, then @code{load} insists on adding one.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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If @var{filename} is a relative file name, such as @file{foo} or
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@file{baz/foo.bar}, @code{load} searches for the file using the variable
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@code{load-path}. It appends @var{filename} to each of the directories
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listed in @code{load-path}, and loads the first file it finds whose name
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matches. The current default directory is tried only if it is specified
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in @code{load-path}, where @code{nil} stands for the default directory.
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@code{load} tries all three possible suffixes in the first directory in
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@code{load-path}, then all three suffixes in the second directory, and
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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so on. @xref{Library Search}.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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If you get a warning that @file{foo.elc} is older than @file{foo.el}, it
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means you should consider recompiling @file{foo.el}. @xref{Byte
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Compilation}.
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1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
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When loading a source file (not compiled), @code{load} performs
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character set translation just as Emacs would do when visiting the file.
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@xref{Coding Systems}.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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Messages like @samp{Loading foo...} and @samp{Loading foo...done} appear
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in the echo area during loading unless @var{nomessage} is
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non-@code{nil}.
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@cindex load errors
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Any unhandled errors while loading a file terminate loading. If the
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1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
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load was done for the sake of @code{autoload}, any function definitions
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made during the loading are undone.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@kindex file-error
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If @code{load} can't find the file to load, then normally it signals the
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error @code{file-error} (with @samp{Cannot open load file
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@var{filename}}). But if @var{missing-ok} is non-@code{nil}, then
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@code{load} just returns @code{nil}.
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1995-06-05 12:23:13 +00:00
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You can use the variable @code{load-read-function} to specify a function
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for @code{load} to use instead of @code{read} for reading expressions.
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See below.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@code{load} returns @code{t} if the file loads successfully.
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@end defun
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@deffn Command load-file filename
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1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
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This command loads the file @var{filename}. If @var{filename} is a
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relative file name, then the current default directory is assumed.
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@code{load-path} is not used, and suffixes are not appended. Use this
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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command if you wish to specify precisely the file name to load.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@end deffn
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@deffn Command load-library library
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1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
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This command loads the library named @var{library}. It is equivalent to
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@code{load}, except in how it reads its argument interactively.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@end deffn
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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@defvar load-in-progress
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This variable is non-@code{nil} if Emacs is in the process of loading a
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file, and it is @code{nil} otherwise.
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@end defvar
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@defvar load-read-function
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This variable specifies an alternate expression-reading function for
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@code{load} and @code{eval-region} to use instead of @code{read}.
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The function should accept one argument, just as @code{read} does.
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Normally, the variable's value is @code{nil}, which means those
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functions should use @code{read}.
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1998-06-10 04:08:49 +00:00
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@strong{Note:} Instead of using this variable, it is cleaner to use
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another, newer feature: to pass the function as the @var{read-function}
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argument to @code{eval-region}. @xref{Eval}.
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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@end defvar
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1998-05-26 18:56:56 +00:00
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For information about how @code{load} is used in building Emacs, see
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@ref{Building Emacs}.
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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@node Library Search
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@section Library Search
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When Emacs loads a Lisp library, it searches for the library
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in a list of directories specified by the variable @code{load-path}.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@defopt load-path
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@cindex @code{EMACSLOADPATH} environment variable
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The value of this variable is a list of directories to search when
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loading files with @code{load}. Each element is a string (which must be
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a directory name) or @code{nil} (which stands for the current working
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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directory).
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@end defopt
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The value of @code{load-path} is initialized from the environment
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variable @code{EMACSLOADPATH}, if that exists; otherwise its default
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value is specified in @file{emacs/src/paths.h} when Emacs is built.
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Then the list is expanded by adding subdirectories of the directories
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in the list.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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The syntax of @code{EMACSLOADPATH} is the same as used for @code{PATH};
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1995-06-06 19:21:15 +00:00
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@samp{:} (or @samp{;}, according to the operating system) separates
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directory names, and @samp{.} is used for the current default directory.
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Here is an example of how to set your @code{EMACSLOADPATH} variable from
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a @code{csh} @file{.login} file:
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@smallexample
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1998-05-28 01:15:58 +00:00
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setenv EMACSLOADPATH .:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/share/emacs/20.3/lisp
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@end smallexample
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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Here is how to set it using @code{sh}:
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@smallexample
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export EMACSLOADPATH
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1998-05-28 01:15:58 +00:00
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EMACSLOADPATH=.:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/share/emacs/20.3/lisp
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@end smallexample
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1999-10-05 23:26:05 +00:00
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Here is an example of code you can place in your init file (@pxref{Init
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File}) to add several directories to the front of your default
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@code{load-path}:
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@smallexample
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1995-06-16 19:17:59 +00:00
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@group
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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(setq load-path
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(append (list nil "/user/bil/emacs"
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"/usr/local/lisplib"
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1995-06-19 18:27:47 +00:00
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"~/emacs")
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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load-path))
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1995-06-16 19:17:59 +00:00
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@end group
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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@end smallexample
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@c Wordy to rid us of an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92
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@noindent
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In this example, the path searches the current working directory first,
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1995-06-19 18:27:47 +00:00
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followed then by the @file{/user/bil/emacs} directory, the
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@file{/usr/local/lisplib} directory, and the @file{~/emacs} directory,
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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which are then followed by the standard directories for Lisp code.
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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Dumping Emacs uses a special value of @code{load-path}. If the value of
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1995-02-04 08:14:52 +00:00
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@code{load-path} at the end of dumping is unchanged (that is, still the
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same special value), the dumped Emacs switches to the ordinary
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1995-06-08 15:34:01 +00:00
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@code{load-path} value when it starts up, as described above. But if
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1995-02-04 08:14:52 +00:00
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@code{load-path} has any other value at the end of dumping, that value
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is used for execution of the dumped Emacs also.
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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Therefore, if you want to change @code{load-path} temporarily for
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1995-02-04 08:14:52 +00:00
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loading a few libraries in @file{site-init.el} or @file{site-load.el},
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you should bind @code{load-path} locally with @code{let} around the
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calls to @code{load}.
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1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
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1996-07-23 15:50:08 +00:00
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The default value of @code{load-path}, when running an Emacs which has
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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been installed on the system, includes two special directories (and
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their subdirectories as well):
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1996-07-23 15:50:08 +00:00
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@smallexample
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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"/usr/local/share/emacs/@var{version}/site-lisp"
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1996-07-23 15:50:08 +00:00
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@end smallexample
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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@noindent
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and
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@smallexample
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"/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp"
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@end smallexample
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@noindent
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The first one is for locally installed packages for a particular Emacs
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version; the second is for locally installed packages meant for use with
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all installed Emacs versions.
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1996-07-23 15:50:08 +00:00
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There are several reasons why a Lisp package that works well in one
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Emacs version can cause trouble in another. Sometimes packages need
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updating for incompatible changes in Emacs; sometimes they depend on
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undocumented internal Emacs data that can change without notice;
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sometimes a newer Emacs version incorporates a version of the package,
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and should be used only with that version.
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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Emacs finds these directories' subdirectories and adds them to
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@code{load-path} when it starts up. Both immediate subdirectories and
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subdirectories multiple levels down are added to @code{load-path}.
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Not all subdirectories are included, though. Subdirectories whose
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names do not start with a letter or digit are excluded. Subdirectories
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1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
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named @file{RCS} or @file{CVS} are excluded. Also, a subdirectory which
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contains a file named @file{.nosearch} is excluded. You can use these
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methods to prevent certain subdirectories of the @file{site-lisp}
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directories from being searched.
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1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
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1996-07-23 15:50:08 +00:00
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If you run Emacs from the directory where it was built---that is, an
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executable that has not been formally installed---then @code{load-path}
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normally contains two additional directories. These are the @code{lisp}
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and @code{site-lisp} subdirectories of the main build directory. (Both
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are represented as absolute file names.)
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1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
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@deffn Command locate-library library &optional nosuffix path interactive-call
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This command finds the precise file name for library @var{library}. It
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searches for the library in the same way @code{load} does, and the
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argument @var{nosuffix} has the same meaning as in @code{load}: don't
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add suffixes @samp{.elc} or @samp{.el} to the specified name
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@var{library}.
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|
|
|
|
|
If the @var{path} is non-@code{nil}, that list of directories is used
|
|
|
|
instead of @code{load-path}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
When @code{locate-library} is called from a program, it returns the file
|
|
|
|
name as a string. When the user runs @code{locate-library}
|
|
|
|
interactively, the argument @var{interactive-call} is @code{t}, and this
|
|
|
|
tells @code{locate-library} to display the file name in the echo area.
|
|
|
|
@end deffn
|
|
|
|
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
@node Loading Non-ASCII
|
|
|
|
@section Loading Non-ASCII Characters
|
|
|
|
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
When Emacs Lisp programs contain string constants with non-@sc{ascii}
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
characters, these can be represented within Emacs either as unibyte
|
|
|
|
strings or as multibyte strings (@pxref{Text Representations}). Which
|
|
|
|
representation is used depends on how the file is read into Emacs. If
|
|
|
|
it is read with decoding into multibyte representation, the text of the
|
|
|
|
Lisp program will be multibyte text, and its string constants will be
|
|
|
|
multibyte strings. If a file containing Latin-1 characters (for
|
|
|
|
example) is read without decoding, the text of the program will be
|
|
|
|
unibyte text, and its string constants will be unibyte strings.
|
|
|
|
@xref{Coding Systems}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To make the results more predictable, Emacs always performs decoding
|
|
|
|
into the multibyte representation when loading Lisp files, even if it
|
|
|
|
was started with the @samp{--unibyte} option. This means that string
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
constants with non-@sc{ascii} characters translate into multibyte
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
strings. The only exception is when a particular file specifies no
|
|
|
|
decoding.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The reason Emacs is designed this way is so that Lisp programs give
|
|
|
|
predictable results, regardless of how Emacs was started. In addition,
|
|
|
|
this enables programs that depend on using multibyte text to work even
|
|
|
|
in a unibyte Emacs. Of course, such programs should be designed to
|
|
|
|
notice whether the user prefers unibyte or multibyte text, by checking
|
|
|
|
@code{default-enable-multibyte-characters}, and convert representations
|
|
|
|
appropriately.
|
|
|
|
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
In most Emacs Lisp programs, the fact that non-@sc{ascii} strings are
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
multibyte strings should not be noticeable, since inserting them in
|
|
|
|
unibyte buffers converts them to unibyte automatically. However, if
|
|
|
|
this does make a difference, you can force a particular Lisp file to be
|
1998-07-03 19:34:39 +00:00
|
|
|
interpreted as unibyte by writing @samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-} in a
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
comment on the file's first line. With that designator, the file will
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
unconditionally be interpreted as unibyte, even in an ordinary
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
multibyte Emacs session.
|
|
|
|
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@node Autoload
|
|
|
|
@section Autoload
|
|
|
|
@cindex autoload
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{autoload} facility allows you to make a function or macro
|
1995-06-06 19:21:15 +00:00
|
|
|
known in Lisp, but put off loading the file that defines it. The first
|
|
|
|
call to the function automatically reads the proper file to install the
|
|
|
|
real definition and other associated code, then runs the real definition
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
as if it had been loaded all along.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There are two ways to set up an autoloaded function: by calling
|
|
|
|
@code{autoload}, and by writing a special ``magic'' comment in the
|
|
|
|
source before the real definition. @code{autoload} is the low-level
|
|
|
|
primitive for autoloading; any Lisp program can call @code{autoload} at
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
any time. Magic comments are the most convenient way to make a function
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
autoload, for packages installed along with Emacs. These comments do
|
|
|
|
nothing on their own, but they serve as a guide for the command
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
@code{update-file-autoloads}, which constructs calls to @code{autoload}
|
|
|
|
and arranges to execute them when Emacs is built.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
|
|
|
@defun autoload function filename &optional docstring interactive type
|
|
|
|
This function defines the function (or macro) named @var{function} so as
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
to load automatically from @var{filename}. The string @var{filename}
|
|
|
|
specifies the file to load to get the real definition of @var{function}.
|
|
|
|
|
1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
|
|
|
If @var{filename} does not contain either a directory name, or the
|
|
|
|
suffix @code{.el} or @code{.elc}, then @code{autoload} insists on adding
|
|
|
|
one of these suffixes, and it will not load from a file whose name is
|
|
|
|
just @var{filename} with no added suffix.
|
|
|
|
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
The argument @var{docstring} is the documentation string for the
|
1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
|
|
|
function. Normally, this should be identical to the documentation string
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
in the function definition itself. Specifying the documentation string
|
|
|
|
in the call to @code{autoload} makes it possible to look at the
|
|
|
|
documentation without loading the function's real definition.
|
|
|
|
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
If @var{interactive} is non-@code{nil}, that says @var{function} can be
|
|
|
|
called interactively. This lets completion in @kbd{M-x} work without
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
loading @var{function}'s real definition. The complete interactive
|
|
|
|
specification is not given here; it's not needed unless the user
|
|
|
|
actually calls @var{function}, and when that happens, it's time to load
|
|
|
|
the real definition.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can autoload macros and keymaps as well as ordinary functions.
|
|
|
|
Specify @var{type} as @code{macro} if @var{function} is really a macro.
|
|
|
|
Specify @var{type} as @code{keymap} if @var{function} is really a
|
|
|
|
keymap. Various parts of Emacs need to know this information without
|
|
|
|
loading the real definition.
|
|
|
|
|
1995-06-16 19:17:59 +00:00
|
|
|
An autoloaded keymap loads automatically during key lookup when a prefix
|
|
|
|
key's binding is the symbol @var{function}. Autoloading does not occur
|
|
|
|
for other kinds of access to the keymap. In particular, it does not
|
|
|
|
happen when a Lisp program gets the keymap from the value of a variable
|
|
|
|
and calls @code{define-key}; not even if the variable name is the same
|
|
|
|
symbol @var{function}.
|
|
|
|
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@cindex function cell in autoload
|
1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
|
|
|
If @var{function} already has a non-void function definition that is not
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
an autoload object, @code{autoload} does nothing and returns @code{nil}.
|
1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
|
|
|
If the function cell of @var{function} is void, or is already an autoload
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
object, then it is defined as an autoload object like this:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
|
|
(autoload @var{filename} @var{docstring} @var{interactive} @var{type})
|
|
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For example,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@example
|
1995-06-16 19:17:59 +00:00
|
|
|
@group
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
(symbol-function 'run-prolog)
|
|
|
|
@result{} (autoload "prolog" 169681 t nil)
|
1995-06-16 19:17:59 +00:00
|
|
|
@end group
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
|
|
In this case, @code{"prolog"} is the name of the file to load, 169681
|
1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
|
|
|
refers to the documentation string in the
|
|
|
|
@file{emacs/etc/DOC-@var{version}} file (@pxref{Documentation Basics}),
|
|
|
|
@code{t} means the function is interactive, and @code{nil} that it is
|
|
|
|
not a macro or a keymap.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@end defun
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@cindex autoload errors
|
|
|
|
The autoloaded file usually contains other definitions and may require
|
|
|
|
or provide one or more features. If the file is not completely loaded
|
|
|
|
(due to an error in the evaluation of its contents), any function
|
|
|
|
definitions or @code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are
|
|
|
|
undone. This is to ensure that the next attempt to call any function
|
|
|
|
autoloading from this file will try again to load the file. If not for
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
this, then some of the functions in the file might be defined by the
|
|
|
|
aborted load, but fail to work properly for the lack of certain
|
|
|
|
subroutines not loaded successfully because they come later in the file.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the autoloaded file fails to define the desired Lisp function or
|
|
|
|
macro, then an error is signaled with data @code{"Autoloading failed to
|
|
|
|
define function @var{function-name}"}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@findex update-file-autoloads
|
|
|
|
@findex update-directory-autoloads
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
A magic autoload comment consists of @samp{;;;###autoload}, on a line
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
by itself, just before the real definition of the function in its
|
|
|
|
autoloadable source file. The command @kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads}
|
|
|
|
writes a corresponding @code{autoload} call into @file{loaddefs.el}.
|
|
|
|
Building Emacs loads @file{loaddefs.el} and thus calls @code{autoload}.
|
|
|
|
@kbd{M-x update-directory-autoloads} is even more powerful; it updates
|
|
|
|
autoloads for all files in the current directory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The same magic comment can copy any kind of form into
|
|
|
|
@file{loaddefs.el}. If the form following the magic comment is not a
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
function-defining form or a @code{defcustom} form, it is copied
|
|
|
|
verbatim. ``Function-defining forms'' include @code{define-skeleton},
|
|
|
|
@code{define-derived-mode}, @code{define-generic-mode} and
|
|
|
|
@code{easy-mmode-define-minor-mode} as well as @code{defun} and
|
|
|
|
@code{defmacro}. To save space, a @code{defcustom} form is converted to
|
|
|
|
a @code{defvar} in @file{loaddefs.el}, with some additional information
|
|
|
|
if it uses @code{:require}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can also use a magic comment to execute a form at build time
|
|
|
|
@emph{without} executing it when the file itself is loaded. To do this,
|
|
|
|
write the form @emph{on the same line} as the magic comment. Since it
|
|
|
|
is in a comment, it does nothing when you load the source file; but
|
|
|
|
@kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads} copies it to @file{loaddefs.el}, where
|
|
|
|
it is executed while building Emacs.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The following example shows how @code{doctor} is prepared for
|
|
|
|
autoloading with a magic comment:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
|
|
;;;###autoload
|
|
|
|
(defun doctor ()
|
|
|
|
"Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy."
|
|
|
|
(interactive)
|
|
|
|
(switch-to-buffer "*doctor*")
|
|
|
|
(doctor-mode))
|
|
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
|
|
Here's what that produces in @file{loaddefs.el}:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
(autoload 'doctor "doctor" "\
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy."
|
|
|
|
t)
|
|
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
|
|
The backslash and newline immediately following the double-quote are a
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
convention used only in the preloaded uncompiled Lisp files such as
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@file{loaddefs.el}; they tell @code{make-docfile} to put the
|
|
|
|
documentation string in the @file{etc/DOC} file. @xref{Building Emacs}.
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
See also the commentary in @file{lib-src/make-docfile.c}.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@node Repeated Loading
|
|
|
|
@section Repeated Loading
|
|
|
|
@cindex repeated loading
|
|
|
|
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
You can load a given file more than once in an Emacs session. For
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
example, after you have rewritten and reinstalled a function definition
|
|
|
|
by editing it in a buffer, you may wish to return to the original
|
|
|
|
version; you can do this by reloading the file it came from.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
When you load or reload files, bear in mind that the @code{load} and
|
|
|
|
@code{load-library} functions automatically load a byte-compiled file
|
|
|
|
rather than a non-compiled file of similar name. If you rewrite a file
|
1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
|
|
|
that you intend to save and reinstall, you need to byte-compile the new
|
|
|
|
version; otherwise Emacs will load the older, byte-compiled file instead
|
|
|
|
of your newer, non-compiled file! If that happens, the message
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
displayed when loading the file includes, @samp{(compiled; note, source is
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
newer)}, to remind you to recompile it.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
When writing the forms in a Lisp library file, keep in mind that the
|
1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
|
|
|
file might be loaded more than once. For example, think about whether
|
|
|
|
each variable should be reinitialized when you reload the library;
|
|
|
|
@code{defvar} does not change the value if the variable is already
|
|
|
|
initialized. (@xref{Defining Variables}.)
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The simplest way to add an element to an alist is like this:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
|
|
(setq minor-mode-alist
|
|
|
|
(cons '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist))
|
|
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
|
|
But this would add multiple elements if the library is reloaded.
|
|
|
|
To avoid the problem, write this:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
|
|
(or (assq 'leif-mode minor-mode-alist)
|
|
|
|
(setq minor-mode-alist
|
|
|
|
(cons '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist)))
|
|
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
|
1998-05-19 03:45:57 +00:00
|
|
|
To add an element to a list just once, you can also use @code{add-to-list}
|
1995-06-06 19:21:15 +00:00
|
|
|
(@pxref{Setting Variables}).
|
|
|
|
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
Occasionally you will want to test explicitly whether a library has
|
|
|
|
already been loaded. Here's one way to test, in a library, whether it
|
|
|
|
has been loaded before:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@example
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
(defvar foo-was-loaded nil)
|
1995-06-06 19:21:15 +00:00
|
|
|
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
(unless foo-was-loaded
|
|
|
|
@var{execute-first-time-only}
|
|
|
|
(setq foo-was-loaded t))
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
|
|
If the library uses @code{provide} to provide a named feature, you can
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
use @code{featurep} earlier in the file to test whether the
|
|
|
|
@code{provide} call has been executed before.
|
2000-01-05 15:18:01 +00:00
|
|
|
@ifnottex
|
1995-06-06 19:21:15 +00:00
|
|
|
@xref{Named Features}.
|
2000-01-05 15:18:01 +00:00
|
|
|
@end ifnottex
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
1995-06-06 19:21:15 +00:00
|
|
|
@node Named Features
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@section Features
|
|
|
|
@cindex features
|
|
|
|
@cindex requiring features
|
|
|
|
@cindex providing features
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@code{provide} and @code{require} are an alternative to
|
|
|
|
@code{autoload} for loading files automatically. They work in terms of
|
|
|
|
named @dfn{features}. Autoloading is triggered by calling a specific
|
|
|
|
function, but a feature is loaded the first time another program asks
|
|
|
|
for it by name.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A feature name is a symbol that stands for a collection of functions,
|
|
|
|
variables, etc. The file that defines them should @dfn{provide} the
|
|
|
|
feature. Another program that uses them may ensure they are defined by
|
|
|
|
@dfn{requiring} the feature. This loads the file of definitions if it
|
|
|
|
hasn't been loaded already.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To require the presence of a feature, call @code{require} with the
|
|
|
|
feature name as argument. @code{require} looks in the global variable
|
|
|
|
@code{features} to see whether the desired feature has been provided
|
|
|
|
already. If not, it loads the feature from the appropriate file. This
|
1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
|
|
|
file should call @code{provide} at the top level to add the feature to
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@code{features}; if it fails to do so, @code{require} signals an error.
|
|
|
|
@cindex load error with require
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For example, in @file{emacs/lisp/prolog.el},
|
|
|
|
the definition for @code{run-prolog} includes the following code:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
|
|
(defun run-prolog ()
|
1996-12-20 00:09:23 +00:00
|
|
|
"Run an inferior Prolog process, with I/O via buffer *prolog*."
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
(interactive)
|
|
|
|
(require 'comint)
|
|
|
|
(switch-to-buffer (make-comint "prolog" prolog-program-name))
|
|
|
|
(inferior-prolog-mode))
|
|
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
|
|
The expression @code{(require 'comint)} loads the file @file{comint.el}
|
|
|
|
if it has not yet been loaded. This ensures that @code{make-comint} is
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
defined. Features are normally named after the files that provide them,
|
|
|
|
so that @code{require} need not be given the file name.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The @file{comint.el} file contains the following top-level expression:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
|
|
(provide 'comint)
|
|
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
|
|
This adds @code{comint} to the global @code{features} list, so that
|
|
|
|
@code{(require 'comint)} will henceforth know that nothing needs to be
|
|
|
|
done.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@cindex byte-compiling @code{require}
|
1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
|
|
|
When @code{require} is used at top level in a file, it takes effect
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
when you byte-compile that file (@pxref{Byte Compilation}) as well as
|
|
|
|
when you load it. This is in case the required package contains macros
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
that the byte compiler must know about. It also avoids byte-compiler
|
|
|
|
warnings for functions and variables defined in the file loaded with
|
|
|
|
@code{require}.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Although top-level calls to @code{require} are evaluated during
|
|
|
|
byte compilation, @code{provide} calls are not. Therefore, you can
|
|
|
|
ensure that a file of definitions is loaded before it is byte-compiled
|
|
|
|
by including a @code{provide} followed by a @code{require} for the same
|
|
|
|
feature, as in the following example.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
|
|
@group
|
|
|
|
(provide 'my-feature) ; @r{Ignored by byte compiler,}
|
|
|
|
; @r{evaluated by @code{load}.}
|
|
|
|
(require 'my-feature) ; @r{Evaluated by byte compiler.}
|
|
|
|
@end group
|
|
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
|
1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
|
|
The compiler ignores the @code{provide}, then processes the
|
|
|
|
@code{require} by loading the file in question. Loading the file does
|
|
|
|
execute the @code{provide} call, so the subsequent @code{require} call
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
does nothing when the file is loaded.
|
1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
|
|
|
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@defun provide feature
|
|
|
|
This function announces that @var{feature} is now loaded, or being
|
|
|
|
loaded, into the current Emacs session. This means that the facilities
|
|
|
|
associated with @var{feature} are or will be available for other Lisp
|
|
|
|
programs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The direct effect of calling @code{provide} is to add @var{feature} to
|
|
|
|
the front of the list @code{features} if it is not already in the list.
|
|
|
|
The argument @var{feature} must be a symbol. @code{provide} returns
|
|
|
|
@var{feature}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
|
|
features
|
|
|
|
@result{} (bar bish)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(provide 'foo)
|
|
|
|
@result{} foo
|
|
|
|
features
|
|
|
|
@result{} (foo bar bish)
|
|
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
|
1995-06-06 19:21:15 +00:00
|
|
|
When a file is loaded to satisfy an autoload, and it stops due to an
|
|
|
|
error in the evaluating its contents, any function definitions or
|
|
|
|
@code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are undone.
|
|
|
|
@xref{Autoload}.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@end defun
|
|
|
|
|
1999-07-17 02:15:13 +00:00
|
|
|
@defun require feature &optional filename noerror
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
This function checks whether @var{feature} is present in the current
|
1998-02-28 01:53:53 +00:00
|
|
|
Emacs session (using @code{(featurep @var{feature})}; see below). The
|
|
|
|
argument @var{feature} must be a symbol.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the feature is not present, then @code{require} loads @var{filename}
|
|
|
|
with @code{load}. If @var{filename} is not supplied, then the name of
|
|
|
|
the symbol @var{feature} is used as the base file name to load.
|
|
|
|
However, in this case, @code{require} insists on finding @var{feature}
|
|
|
|
with an added suffix; a file whose name is just @var{feature} won't be
|
|
|
|
used.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If loading the file fails to provide @var{feature}, @code{require}
|
|
|
|
signals an error, @samp{Required feature @var{feature} was not
|
1999-07-17 02:15:13 +00:00
|
|
|
provided}, unless @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@end defun
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@defun featurep feature
|
|
|
|
This function returns @code{t} if @var{feature} has been provided in the
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
current Emacs session (i.e., if @var{feature} is a member of
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@code{features}.)
|
|
|
|
@end defun
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@defvar features
|
|
|
|
The value of this variable is a list of symbols that are the features
|
|
|
|
loaded in the current Emacs session. Each symbol was put in this list
|
|
|
|
with a call to @code{provide}. The order of the elements in the
|
|
|
|
@code{features} list is not significant.
|
|
|
|
@end defvar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@node Unloading
|
|
|
|
@section Unloading
|
|
|
|
@cindex unloading
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@c Emacs 19 feature
|
|
|
|
You can discard the functions and variables loaded by a library to
|
|
|
|
reclaim memory for other Lisp objects. To do this, use the function
|
|
|
|
@code{unload-feature}:
|
|
|
|
|
1995-01-21 23:51:19 +00:00
|
|
|
@deffn Command unload-feature feature &optional force
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
This command unloads the library that provided feature @var{feature}.
|
1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
|
|
|
It undefines all functions, macros, and variables defined in that
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
library with @code{defun}, @code{defalias}, @code{defsubst},
|
|
|
|
@code{defmacro}, @code{defconst}, @code{defvar}, and @code{defcustom}.
|
|
|
|
It then restores any autoloads formerly associated with those symbols.
|
|
|
|
(Loading saves these in the @code{autoload} property of the symbol.)
|
1995-01-21 23:51:19 +00:00
|
|
|
|
1998-06-26 20:10:57 +00:00
|
|
|
Before restoring the previous definitions, @code{unload-feature} runs
|
|
|
|
@code{remove-hook} to remove functions in the library from certain
|
|
|
|
hooks. These hooks include variables whose names end in @samp{hook} or
|
|
|
|
@samp{-hooks}, plus those listed in @code{loadhist-special-hooks}. This
|
|
|
|
is to prevent Emacs from ceasing to function because important hooks
|
|
|
|
refer to functions that are no longer defined.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@vindex @var{feature}-unload-hook
|
|
|
|
If these measures are not sufficient to prevent malfunction, a library
|
|
|
|
can define an explicit unload hook. If @code{@var{feature}-unload-hook}
|
|
|
|
is defined, it is run as a normal hook before restoring the previous
|
|
|
|
definitions, @emph{instead of} the usual hook-removing actions. The
|
|
|
|
unload hook ought to undo all the global state changes made by the
|
|
|
|
library that might cease to work once the library is unloaded.
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
@code{unload-feature} can cause problems with libraries that fail to do
|
|
|
|
this, so it should be used with caution.
|
1998-06-26 20:10:57 +00:00
|
|
|
|
1995-01-21 23:51:19 +00:00
|
|
|
Ordinarily, @code{unload-feature} refuses to unload a library on which
|
|
|
|
other loaded libraries depend. (A library @var{a} depends on library
|
|
|
|
@var{b} if @var{a} contains a @code{require} for @var{b}.) If the
|
|
|
|
optional argument @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, dependencies are
|
|
|
|
ignored and you can unload any library.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@end deffn
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The @code{unload-feature} function is written in Lisp; its actions are
|
|
|
|
based on the variable @code{load-history}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@defvar load-history
|
|
|
|
This variable's value is an alist connecting library names with the
|
|
|
|
names of functions and variables they define, the features they provide,
|
|
|
|
and the features they require.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Each element is a list and describes one library. The @sc{car} of the
|
|
|
|
list is the name of the library, as a string. The rest of the list is
|
|
|
|
composed of these kinds of objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
|
|
@item
|
1994-04-30 01:38:51 +00:00
|
|
|
Symbols that were defined by this library.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@item
|
|
|
|
Lists of the form @code{(require . @var{feature})} indicating
|
|
|
|
features that were required.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
|
|
Lists of the form @code{(provide . @var{feature})} indicating
|
|
|
|
features that were provided.
|
|
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The value of @code{load-history} may have one element whose @sc{car} is
|
|
|
|
@code{nil}. This element describes definitions made with
|
|
|
|
@code{eval-buffer} on a buffer that is not visiting a file.
|
|
|
|
@end defvar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The command @code{eval-region} updates @code{load-history}, but does so
|
|
|
|
by adding the symbols defined to the element for the file being visited,
|
1998-06-10 04:08:49 +00:00
|
|
|
rather than replacing that element. @xref{Eval}.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
Preloaded libraries don't contribute initially to @code{load-history}.
|
|
|
|
Instead, preloading writes information about preloaded libraries into a
|
2000-01-16 00:29:04 +00:00
|
|
|
file, which can be loaded later on to add information to
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
@code{load-history} describing the preloaded files. This file is
|
|
|
|
installed in @code{exec-directory} and has a name of the form
|
|
|
|
@file{fns-@var{emacsversion}.el}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@findex symbol-file
|
|
|
|
See the source for the function @code{symbol-file}, for an example of
|
|
|
|
code that loads this file to find functions in preloaded libraries.
|
1998-06-26 20:10:57 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@defvar loadhist-special-hooks
|
|
|
|
This variable holds a list of hooks to be scanned before unloading a
|
|
|
|
library, to remove functions defined in the library.
|
|
|
|
@end defvar
|
|
|
|
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@node Hooks for Loading
|
|
|
|
@section Hooks for Loading
|
|
|
|
@cindex loading hooks
|
|
|
|
@cindex hooks for loading
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can ask for code to be executed if and when a particular library is
|
|
|
|
loaded, by calling @code{eval-after-load}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@defun eval-after-load library form
|
|
|
|
This function arranges to evaluate @var{form} at the end of loading the
|
1995-03-03 06:49:59 +00:00
|
|
|
library @var{library}, if and when @var{library} is loaded. If
|
|
|
|
@var{library} is already loaded, it evaluates @var{form} right away.
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The library name @var{library} must exactly match the argument of
|
|
|
|
@code{load}. To get the proper results when an installed library is
|
|
|
|
found by searching @code{load-path}, you should not include any
|
|
|
|
directory names in @var{library}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
An error in @var{form} does not undo the load, but does prevent
|
|
|
|
execution of the rest of @var{form}.
|
|
|
|
@end defun
|
|
|
|
|
1995-03-03 06:49:59 +00:00
|
|
|
In general, well-designed Lisp programs should not use this feature.
|
|
|
|
The clean and modular ways to interact with a Lisp library are (1)
|
|
|
|
examine and set the library's variables (those which are meant for
|
1995-06-08 15:34:01 +00:00
|
|
|
outside use), and (2) call the library's functions. If you wish to
|
1995-03-03 06:49:59 +00:00
|
|
|
do (1), you can do it immediately---there is no need to wait for when
|
|
|
|
the library is loaded. To do (2), you must load the library (preferably
|
|
|
|
with @code{require}).
|
|
|
|
|
1998-04-20 17:43:57 +00:00
|
|
|
But it is OK to use @code{eval-after-load} in your personal
|
|
|
|
customizations if you don't feel they must meet the design standards for
|
|
|
|
programs meant for wider use.
|
1995-03-03 06:49:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
@defvar after-load-alist
|
1999-09-17 06:59:04 +00:00
|
|
|
This variable holds an alist of expressions to evaluate if and when
|
|
|
|
particular libraries are loaded. Each element looks like this:
|
1994-03-21 17:36:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
|
|
(@var{filename} @var{forms}@dots{})
|
|
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The function @code{load} checks @code{after-load-alist} in order to
|
|
|
|
implement @code{eval-after-load}.
|
|
|
|
@end defvar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@c Emacs 19 feature
|