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1168 lines
47 KiB
Groff
1168 lines
47 KiB
Groff
Old GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes thru version 15.
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Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman.
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See the end for copying conditions.
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Changes in Emacs 15
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* Emacs now runs on Sun and Megatest 68000 systems;
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also on at least one 16000 system running 4.2.
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* Emacs now alters the output-start and output-stop characters
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to prevent C-s and C-q from being considered as flow control
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by cretinous rlogin software in 4.2.
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* It is now possible convert Mocklisp code (for Gosling Emacs) to Lisp code
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that can run in GNU Emacs. M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer
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converts the contents of the current buffer from Mocklisp to
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GNU Emacs Lisp. You should then save the converted buffer with C-x C-w
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under a name ending in ".el"
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There are probably some Mocklisp constructs that are not handled.
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If you encounter one, feel free to report the failure as a bug.
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The construct will be handled in a future Emacs release, if that is not
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not too hard to do.
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Note that lisp code converted from Mocklisp code will not necessarily
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run as fast as code specifically written for GNU Emacs, nor will it use
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the many features of GNU Emacs which are not present in Gosling's emacs.
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(In particular, the byte-compiler (m-x byte-compile-file) knows little
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about compilation of code directly converted from mocklisp.)
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It is envisaged that old mocklisp code will be incrementally converted
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to GNU lisp code, with M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer being the first
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step in this process.
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* Control-x n (narrow-to-region) is now by default a disabled command.
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This means that, if you issue this command, it will ask whether
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you really mean it. You have the opportunity to enable the
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command permanently at that time, so you will not be asked again.
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This will place the form "(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)" in your
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.emacs file.
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* Tags now prompts for the tag table file name to use.
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All the tags commands ask for the tag table file name
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if you have not yet specified one.
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Also, the command M-x visit-tag-table can now be used to
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specify the tag table file name initially, or to switch
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to a new tag table.
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* If truncate-partial-width-windows is non-nil (as it intially is),
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all windows less than the full screen width (that is,
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made by side-by-side splitting) truncate lines rather than continuing
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them.
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* Emacs now checks for Lisp stack overflow to avoid fatal errors.
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The depth in eval, apply and funcall may not exceed max-lisp-eval-depth.
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The depth in variable bindings and unwind-protects may not exceed
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max-specpdl-size. If either limit is exceeded, an error occurs.
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You can set the limits to larger values if you wish, but if you make them
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too large, you are vulnerable to a fatal error if you invoke
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Lisp code that does infinite recursion.
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* New hooks find-file-hook and write-file-hook.
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Both of these variables if non-nil should be functions of no arguments.
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At the time they are called (current-buffer) will be the buffer being
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read or written respectively.
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find-file-hook is called whenever a file is read into its own buffer,
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such as by calling find-file, revert-buffer, etc. It is not called by
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functions such as insert-file which do not read the file into a buffer of
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its own.
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find-file-hook is called after the file has been read in and its
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local variables (if any) have been processed.
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write-file-hook is called just before writing out a file from a buffer.
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* The initial value of shell-prompt-pattern is now "^[^#$%>]*[#$%>] *"
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* If the .emacs file sets inhibit-startup-message to non-nil,
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the messages normally printed by Emacs at startup time
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are inhibited.
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* Facility for run-time conditionalization on the basis of emacs features.
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The new variable features is a list of symbols which represent "features"
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of the executing emacs, for use in run-time conditionalization.
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The function featurep of one argument may be used to test for the
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presence of a feature. It is just the same as
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(not (null (memq FEATURE features))) where FEATURE is its argument.
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For example, (if (featurep 'magic-window-hack)
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(transmogrify-window 'vertical)
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(split-window-vertically))
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The function provide of one argument "announces" that FEATURE is present.
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It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE))
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(setq features (cons FEATURE features)))
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The function require with arguments FEATURE and FILE-NAME loads FILE-NAME
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(which should contain the form (provide FEATURE)) unless FEATURE is present.
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It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE))
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(progn (load FILE-NAME)
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(if (not featurep FEATURE) (error ...))))
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FILE-NAME is optional and defaults to FEATURE.
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* New function load-average.
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This returns a list of three integers, which are
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the current 1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minute load averages,
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each multiplied by a hundred (since normally they are floating
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point numbers).
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* Per-terminal libraries loaded automatically.
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Emacs when starting up on terminal type T automatically loads
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a library named term-T. T is the value of the TERM environment variable.
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Thus, on terminal type vt100, Emacs would do (load "term-vt100" t t).
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Such libraries are good places to set the character translation table.
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It is a bad idea to redefine lots of commands in a per-terminal library,
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since this affects all users. Instead, define a command to do the
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redefinitions and let the user's init file, which is loaded later,
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call that command or not, as the user prefers.
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* Programmer's note: detecting killed buffers.
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Buffers are eliminated by explicitly killing them, using
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the function kill-buffer. This does not eliminate or affect
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the pointers to the buffer which may exist in list structure.
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If you have a pointer to a buffer and wish to tell whether
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the buffer has been killed, use the function buffer-name.
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It returns nil on a killed buffer, and a string on a live buffer.
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* New ways to access the last command input character.
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The function last-key-struck, which used to return the last
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input character that was read by command input, is eliminated.
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Instead, you can find this information as the value of the
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variable last-command-char. (This variable used to be called
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last-key).
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Another new variable, last-input-char, holds the last character
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read from the command input stream regardless of what it was
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read for. last-input-char and last-command-char are different
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only inside a command that has called read-char to read input.
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* The new switch -kill causes Emacs to exit after processing the
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preceding command line arguments. Thus,
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emacs -l lib data -e do-it -kill
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means to load lib, find file data, call do-it on no arguments,
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and then exit.
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* The config.h file has been modularized.
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Options that depend on the machine you are running on are defined
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in a file whose name starts with "m-", such as m-vax.h.
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Options that depend on the operating system software version you are
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running on are defined in a file whose name starts with "s-",
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such as s-bsd4.2.h.
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config.h includes one m- file and one s- file. It also defines a
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few other options whose values do not follow from the machine type
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and system type being used. Installers normally will have to
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select the correct m- and s- files but will never have to change their
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contents.
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* Termcap AL and DL strings are understood.
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If the termcap entry defines AL and DL strings, for insertion
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and deletion of multiple lines in one blow, Emacs now uses them.
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This matters most on certain bit map display terminals for which
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scrolling is comparatively slow.
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* Bias against scrolling screen far on fast terminals.
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Emacs now prefers to redraw a few lines rather than
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shift them a long distance on the screen, when the terminal is fast.
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* New major mode, mim-mode.
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This major mode is for editing MDL code. Perhaps a MDL
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user can explain why it is not called mdl-mode.
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You must load the library mim-mode explicitly to use this.
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* GNU documentation formatter `texinfo'.
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The `texinfo' library defines a format for documentation
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files which can be passed through Tex to make a printed manual
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or passed through texinfo to make an Info file. Texinfo is
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documented fully by its own Info file; compare this file
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with its source, texinfo.texinfo, for additional guidance.
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All documentation files for GNU utilities should be written
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in texinfo input format.
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Tex processing of texinfo files requires the Botex macro package.
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This is not ready for distribution yet, but will appear at
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a later time.
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* New function read-from-string (emacs 15.29)
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read-from-string takes three arguments: a string to read from,
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and optionally start and end indices which delimit a substring
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from which to read. (They default to 0 and the length of the string,
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respectively.)
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This function returns a cons cell whose car is the object produced
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by reading from the string and whose cdr is a number giving the
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index in the string of the first character not read. That index may
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be passed as the second argument to a later call to read-from-string
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to read the next form represented by the string.
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In addition, the function read now accepts a string as its argument.
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In this case, it calls read-from-string on the whole string, and
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returns the car of the result. (ie the actual object read.)
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Changes in Emacs 14
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* Completion now prints various messages such as [Sole Completion]
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or [Next Character Not Unique] to describe the results obtained.
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These messages appear after the text in the minibuffer, and remain
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on the screen until a few seconds go by or you type a key.
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* The buffer-read-only flag is implemented.
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Setting or binding this per-buffer variable to a non-nil value
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makes illegal any operation which would modify the textual content of
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the buffer. (Such operations signal a buffer-read-only error)
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The read-only state of a buffer may be altered using toggle-read-only
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(C-x C-q)
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The buffers used by Rmail, Dired, Rnews, and Info are now read-only
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by default to prevent accidental damage to the information in those
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buffers.
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* Functions car-safe and cdr-safe.
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These functions are like car and cdr when the argument is a cons.
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Given an argument not a cons, car-safe always returns nil, with
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no error; the same for cdr-safe.
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* The new function user-real-login-name returns the name corresponding
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to the real uid of the Emacs process. This is usually the same
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as what user-login-name returns; however, when Emacs is invoked
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from su, user-real-login-name returns "root" but user-login-name
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returns the name of the user who invoked su.
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Changes in Emacs 13
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* There is a new version numbering scheme.
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What used to be the first version number, which was 1,
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has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three
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levels of version number.
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However, a new third version number has been added to represent
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changes by user sites. This number will always be zero in
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Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time
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Emacs is built at another site.
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* There is now a reader syntax for Meta characters:
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\M-CHAR means CHAR or'ed with the Meta bit. For example:
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?\M-x is (+ ?x 128)
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?\M-\n is (+ ?\n 128)
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?\M-\^f is (+ ?\^f 128)
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This syntax can be used in strings too. Note, however, that
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Meta characters are not meaningful in key sequences being passed
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to define-key or lookup-key; you must use ESC characters (\e)
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in them instead.
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?\C- can be used likewise for control characters. (13.9)
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* Installation change
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The string "../lisp" now adds to the front of the load-path
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used for searching for Lisp files during Emacs initialization.
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It used to replace the path specified in paths.h entirely.
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Now the directory ../lisp is searched first and the directoris
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specified in paths.h are searched afterward.
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Changes in Emacs 1.12
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* There is a new installation procedure.
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See the file INSTALL that comes in the top level
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directory in the tar file or tape.
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* The Meta key is now supported on terminals that have it.
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This is a shift key which causes the high bit to be turned on
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in all input characters typed while it is held down.
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read-char now returns a value in the range 128-255 if
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a Meta character is typed. When interpreted as command
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input, a Meta character is equivalent to a two character
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sequence, the meta prefix character followed by the un-metized
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character (Meta-G unmetized is G).
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The meta prefix character
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is specified by the value of the variable meta-prefix-char.
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If this character (normally Escape) has been redefined locally
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with a non-prefix definition (such as happens in completing
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minibuffers) then the local redefinition is suppressed when
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the character is not the last one in a key sequence.
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So the local redefinition is effective if you type the character
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explicitly, but not effective if the character comes from
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the use of the Meta key.
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* `-' is no longer a completion command in the minibuffer.
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It is an ordinary self-inserting character.
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* The list load-path of directories load to search for Lisp files
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is now controlled by the EMACSLOADPATH environment variable
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[[ Note this was originally EMACS-LOAD-PATH and has been changed
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again; sh does not deal properly with hyphens in env variable names]]
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rather than the EPATH environment variable. This is to avoid
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conflicts with other Emacses.
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While Emacs is being built initially, the load-path
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is now just ("../lisp"), ignoring paths.h. It does not
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ignore EMACSLOADPATH, however; you should avoid having
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this variable set while building Emacs.
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* You can now specify a translation table for keyboard
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input characters, as a way of exchanging or substituting
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keys on the keyboard.
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If the value of keyboard-translate-table is a string,
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every character received from the keyboard is used as an
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index in that string, and the character at that index in
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the string is used as input instead of what was actually
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typed. If the actual input character is >= the length of
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the string, it is used unchanged.
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One way this feature can be used is to fix bad keyboard
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designes. For example, on some terminals, Delete is
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Shift-Underscore. Since Delete is a more useful character
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than Underscore, it is an improvement to make the unshifted
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character Delete and the shifted one Underscore. This can
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be done with
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;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation.
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(setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 128 0))
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(let ((i 0))
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(while (< i 128)
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(aset keyboard-translate-table i i)
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(setq i (1+ i))))
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;; Now alter translations of some characters.
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(aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?)
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(aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_)
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If your terminal has a Meta key and can therefore send
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codes up to 255, Meta characters are translated through
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elements 128 through 255 of the translate table, and therefore
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are translated independently of the corresponding non-Meta
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characters. You must therefore establish translations
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independently for the Meta characters if you want them too:
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;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation.
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(setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 256 0))
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(let ((i 0))
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(while (< i 256)
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(aset keyboard-translate-table i i)
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(setq i (1+ i))))
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;; Now alter translations of some characters.
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(aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?)
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(aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_)
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;; Now alter translations of some Meta characters.
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(aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\_) (+ 128 ?\^?))
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(aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\^?) (+ 128 ?\_))
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* (process-kill-without-query PROCESS)
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This marks the process so that, when you kill Emacs,
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you will not on its account be queried about active subprocesses.
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Changes in Emacs 1.11
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* The commands C-c and C-z have been interchanged,
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for greater compatibility with normal Unix usage.
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C-z now runs suspend-emacs and C-c runs exit-recursive-edit.
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* The value returned by file-name-directory now ends
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with a slash. (file-name-directory "foo/bar") => "foo/".
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This avoids confusing results when dealing with files
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in the root directory.
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The value of the per-buffer variable default-directory
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is also supposed to have a final slash now.
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* There are now variables to control the switches passed to
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`ls' by the C-x C-d command (list-directory).
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list-directory-brief-switches is a string, initially "-CF",
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||
used for brief listings, and list-directory-verbose-switches
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is a string, initially "-l", used for verbose ones.
|
||
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||
* For Ann Arbor Ambassador terminals, the termcap "ti" string
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||
is now used to initialize the screen geometry on entry to Emacs,
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||
and the "te" string is used to set it back on exit.
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If the termcap entry does not define the "ti" or "te" string,
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Emacs does what it used to do.
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Changes in Emacs 1.10
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* GNU Emacs has been made almost 1/3 smaller.
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It now dumps out as only 530kbytes on Vax 4.2bsd.
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||
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||
* The term "checkpoint" has been replaced by "auto save"
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||
throughout the function names, variable names and documentation
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||
of GNU Emacs.
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||
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||
* The function load now tries appending ".elc" and ".el"
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||
to the specified filename BEFORE it tries the filename
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||
without change.
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||
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||
* rmail now makes the mode line display the total number
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||
of messages and the current message number.
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||
The "f" command now means forward a message to another user.
|
||
The command to search through all messages for a string is now "F".
|
||
The "u" command now means to move back to the previous
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||
message and undelete it. To undelete the selected message, use Meta-u.
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||
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||
* The hyphen character is now equivalent to a Space while
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||
in completing minibuffers. Both mean to complete an additional word.
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||
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||
* The Lisp function error now takes args like format
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||
which are used to construct the error message.
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||
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||
* Redisplay will refuse to start its display at the end of the buffer.
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||
It will pick a new place to display from, rather than use that.
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||
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||
* The value returned by garbage-collect has been changed.
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||
Its first element is no longer a number but a cons,
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||
whose car is the number of cons cells now in use,
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||
and whose cdr is the number of cons cells that have been
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||
made but are now free.
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||
The second element is similar but describes symbols rather than cons cells.
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||
The third element is similar but describes markers.
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||
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||
* The variable buffer-name has been eliminated.
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||
The function buffer-name still exists. This is to prevent
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||
user programs from changing buffer names without going
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through the rename-buffer function.
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Changes in Emacs 1.9
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||
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* When a fill prefix is in effect, paragraphs are started
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||
or separated by lines that do not start with the fill prefix.
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Also, a line which consists of the fill prefix followed by
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white space separates paragraphs.
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||
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||
* C-x C-v runs the new function find-alternate-file.
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||
It finds the specified file, switches to that buffer,
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||
and kills the previous current buffer. (It requires
|
||
confirmation if that buffer had changes.) This is
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||
most useful after you find the wrong file due to a typo.
|
||
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||
* Exiting the minibuffer moves the cursor to column 0,
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||
to show you that it has really been exited.
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||
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||
* Meta-g (fill-region) now fills each paragraph in the
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||
region individually. To fill the region as if it were
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||
a single paragraph (for when the paragraph-delimiting mechanism
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||
does the wrong thing), use fill-region-as-paragraph.
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||
|
||
* Tab in text mode now runs the function tab-to-tab-stop.
|
||
A new mode called indented-text-mode is like text-mode
|
||
except that in it Tab runs the function indent-relative,
|
||
which indents the line under the previous line.
|
||
If auto fill is enabled while in indented-text-mode,
|
||
the new lines that it makes are indented.
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||
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||
* Functions kill-rectangle and yank-rectangle.
|
||
kill-rectangle deletes the rectangle specified by dot and mark
|
||
(or by two arguments) and saves it in the variable killed-rectangle.
|
||
yank-rectangle inserts the rectangle in that variable.
|
||
|
||
Tab characters in a rectangle being saved are replaced
|
||
by spaces in such a way that their appearance will
|
||
not be changed if the rectangle is later reinserted
|
||
at a different column position.
|
||
|
||
* `+' in a regular expression now means
|
||
to repeat the previous expression one or more times.
|
||
`?' means to repeat it zero or one time.
|
||
They are in all regards like `*' except for the
|
||
number of repetitions they match.
|
||
|
||
\< in a regular expression now matches the null string
|
||
when it is at the beginning of a word; \> matches
|
||
the null string at the end of a word.
|
||
|
||
* C-x p narrows the buffer so that only the current page
|
||
is visible.
|
||
|
||
* C-x ) with argument repeats the kbd macro just
|
||
defined that many times, counting the definition
|
||
as one repetition.
|
||
|
||
* C-x ( with argument begins defining a kbd macro
|
||
starting with the last one defined. It executes that
|
||
previous kbd macro initially, just as if you began
|
||
by typing it over again.
|
||
|
||
* C-x q command queries the user during kbd macro execution.
|
||
With prefix argument, enters recursive edit,
|
||
reading keyboard commands even within a kbd macro.
|
||
You can give different commands each time the macro executes.
|
||
Without prefix argument, reads a character. Your options are:
|
||
Space -- execute the rest of the macro.
|
||
Delete -- skip the rest of the macro; start next repetition.
|
||
C-d -- skip rest of the macro and don't repeat it any more.
|
||
C-r -- enter a recursive edit, then on exit ask again for a character
|
||
C-l -- redisplay screen and ask again."
|
||
|
||
* write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro are used to save
|
||
a kbd macro definition in a file (as Lisp code to
|
||
redefine the macro when the file is loaded).
|
||
These commands differ in that write-kbd-macro
|
||
discards the previous contents of the file.
|
||
If given a prefix argument, both commands
|
||
record the keys which invoke the macro as well as the
|
||
macro's definition.
|
||
|
||
* The variable global-minor-modes is used to display
|
||
strings in the mode line of all buffers. It should be
|
||
a list of elements thaht are conses whose cdrs are strings
|
||
to be displayed. This complements the variable
|
||
minor-modes, which has the same effect but has a separate
|
||
value in each buffer.
|
||
|
||
* C-x = describes horizontal scrolling in effect, if any.
|
||
|
||
* Return now auto-fills the line it is ending, in auto fill mode.
|
||
Space with zero as argument auto-fills the line before it
|
||
just like Space without an argument.
|
||
|
||
Changes in Emacs 1.8
|
||
|
||
This release mostly fixes bugs. There are a few new features:
|
||
|
||
* apropos now sorts the symbols before displaying them.
|
||
Also, it returns a list of the symbols found.
|
||
|
||
apropos now accepts a second arg PRED which should be a function
|
||
of one argument; if PRED is non-nil, each symbol is tested
|
||
with PRED and only symbols for which PRED returns non-nil
|
||
appear in the output or the returned list.
|
||
|
||
If the third argument to apropos is non-nil, apropos does not
|
||
display anything; it merely returns the list of symbols found.
|
||
|
||
C-h a now runs the new function command-apropos rather than
|
||
apropos, and shows only symbols with definitions as commands.
|
||
|
||
* M-x shell sends the command
|
||
if (-f ~/.emacs_NAME)source ~/.emacs_NAME
|
||
invisibly to the shell when it starts. Here NAME
|
||
is replaced by the name of shell used,
|
||
as it came from your ESHELL or SHELL environment variable
|
||
but with directory name, if any, removed.
|
||
|
||
* M-, now runs the command tags-loop-continue, which is used
|
||
to resume a terminated tags-search or tags-query-replace.
|
||
|
||
Changes in Emacs 1.7
|
||
|
||
It's Beat CCA Week.
|
||
|
||
* The initial buffer is now called "*scratch*" instead of "scratch",
|
||
so that all buffer names used automatically by Emacs now have *'s.
|
||
|
||
* Undo information is now stored separately for each buffer.
|
||
The Undo command (C-x u) always applies to the current
|
||
buffer only.
|
||
|
||
C-_ is now a synonym for C-x u.
|
||
|
||
(buffer-flush-undo BUFFER) causes undo information not to
|
||
be kept for BUFFER, and frees the space that would have
|
||
been used to hold it. In any case, no undo information is
|
||
kept for buffers whose names start with spaces. (These
|
||
buffers also do not appear in the C-x C-b display.)
|
||
|
||
* Rectangle operations are now implemented.
|
||
C-x r stores the rectangle described by dot and mark
|
||
into a register; it reads the register name from the keyboard.
|
||
C-x g, the command to insert the contents of a register,
|
||
can be used to reinsert the rectangle elsewhere.
|
||
|
||
Other rectangle commands include
|
||
open-rectangle:
|
||
insert a blank rectangle in the position and size
|
||
described by dot and mark, at its corners;
|
||
the existing text is pushed to the right.
|
||
clear-rectangle:
|
||
replace the rectangle described by dot ane mark
|
||
with blanks. The previous text is deleted.
|
||
delete-rectangle:
|
||
delete the text of the specified rectangle,
|
||
moving the text beyond it on each line leftward.
|
||
|
||
* Side-by-side windows are allowed. Use C-x 5 to split the
|
||
current window into two windows side by side.
|
||
C-x } makes the selected window ARG columns wider at the
|
||
expense of the windows at its sides. C-x { makes the selected
|
||
window ARG columns narrower. An argument to C-x 5 specifies
|
||
how many columns to give to the leftmost of the two windows made.
|
||
|
||
C-x 2 now accepts a numeric argument to specify the number of
|
||
lines to give to the uppermost of the two windows it makes.
|
||
|
||
* Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is now implemented.
|
||
C-x < (scroll-left) scrolls all displayed lines left,
|
||
with the numeric argument (default 1) saying how far to scroll.
|
||
When the window is scrolled left, some amount of the beginning
|
||
of each nonempty line is replaced by an "$".
|
||
C-x > scrolls right. If a window has no text hidden at the left
|
||
margin, it cannot be scrolled any farther right than that.
|
||
When nonzero leftwards scrolling is in effect in a window.
|
||
lines are automatically truncated at the window's right margin
|
||
regardless of the value of the variable truncate-lines in the
|
||
buffer being displayed.
|
||
|
||
* C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls',
|
||
which gives just file names in multiple columns.
|
||
C-u C-x C-d passes the -l switch to `ls'.
|
||
|
||
* C-t at the end of a line now exchanges the two preceding characters.
|
||
|
||
All the transpose commands now interpret zero as an argument
|
||
to mean to transpose the textual unit after or around dot
|
||
with the one after or around the mark.
|
||
|
||
* M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell
|
||
and displays the output from it. With a prefix argument,
|
||
it inserts the output in the current buffer after dot
|
||
and sets the mark after the output. The shell command
|
||
gets /dev/null as its standard input.
|
||
|
||
M-| is like M-! but passes the contents of the region
|
||
as input to the shell command. A prefix argument makes
|
||
the output from the command replace the contents of the region.
|
||
|
||
* The mode line will now say "Def" after the major mode
|
||
while a keyboard macro is being defined.
|
||
|
||
* The variable fill-prefix is now used by Meta-q.
|
||
Meta-q removes the fill prefix from lines that start with it
|
||
before filling, and inserts the fill prefix on each line
|
||
after filling.
|
||
|
||
The command C-x . sets the fill prefix equal to the text
|
||
on the current line before dot.
|
||
|
||
* The new command Meta-j (indent-new-comment-line),
|
||
is like Linefeed (indent-new-line) except when dot is inside a comment;
|
||
in that case, Meta-j inserts a comment starter on the new line,
|
||
indented under the comment starter above. It also inserts
|
||
a comment terminator at the end of the line above,
|
||
if the language being edited calls for one.
|
||
|
||
* Rmail should work correctly now, and has some C-h m documentation.
|
||
|
||
Changes in Emacs 1.6
|
||
|
||
* save-buffers-kill-emacs is now on C-x C-c
|
||
while C-x C-z does suspend-emacs. This is to make
|
||
C-x C-c like the normal Unix meaning of C-c
|
||
and C-x C-z linke the normal Unix meaning of C-z.
|
||
|
||
* M-ESC (eval-expression) is now a disabled command by default.
|
||
This prevents users who type ESC ESC accidentally from
|
||
getting confusing results. Put
|
||
(put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil)
|
||
in your ~/.emacs file to enable the command.
|
||
|
||
* Self-inserting text is grouped into bunches for undoing.
|
||
Each C-x u command undoes up to 20 consecutive self-inserting
|
||
characters.
|
||
|
||
* Help f now uses as a default the function being called
|
||
in the innermost Lisp expression that dot is in.
|
||
This makes it more convenient to use while writing
|
||
Lisp code to run in Emacs.
|
||
(If the text around dot does not appear to be a call
|
||
to a Lisp function, there is no default.)
|
||
|
||
Likewise, Help v uses the symbol around or before dot
|
||
as a default, if that is a variable name.
|
||
|
||
* Commands that read filenames now insert the default
|
||
directory in the minibuffer, to become part of your input.
|
||
This allows you to see what the default is.
|
||
You may type a filename which goes at the end of the
|
||
default directory, or you may edit the default directory
|
||
as you like to create the input you want to give.
|
||
You may also type an absolute pathname (starting with /)
|
||
or refer to a home directory (input starting with ~)
|
||
after the default; the presence of // or /~ causes
|
||
everything up through the slash that precedes your
|
||
type-in to be ignored.
|
||
|
||
Returning the default directory without change,
|
||
including the terminating slash, requests the use
|
||
of the default file name (usually the visited file's name).
|
||
|
||
Set the variable insert-default-directory to nil
|
||
to turn off this feature.
|
||
|
||
* M-x shell now uses the environment variable ESHELL,
|
||
if it exists, as the file name of the shell to run.
|
||
If there is no ESHELL variable, the SHELL variable is used.
|
||
This is because some shells do not work properly as inferiors
|
||
of Emacs (or anything like Emacs).
|
||
|
||
* A new variable minor-modes now exists, with a separate value
|
||
in each buffer. Its value should be an alist of elements
|
||
(MODE-FUNCTION-SYMBOL . PRETTY-NAME-STRING), one for each
|
||
minor mode that is turned on in the buffer. The pretty
|
||
name strings are displayed in the mode line after the name of the
|
||
major mode (with spaces between them). The mode function
|
||
symbols should be symbols whose function definitions will
|
||
turn on the minor mode if given 1 as an argument; they are present
|
||
so that Help m can find their documentation strings.
|
||
|
||
* The format of tag table files has been changed.
|
||
The new format enables Emacs to find tags much faster.
|
||
|
||
A new program, etags, exists to make the kind of
|
||
tag table that Emacs wants. etags is invoked just
|
||
like ctags; in fact, if you give it any switches,
|
||
it does exactly what ctags would do. Give it the
|
||
empty switch ("-") to make it act like ctags with no switches.
|
||
|
||
etags names the tag table file "TAGS" rather than "tags",
|
||
so that these tag tables and the standard Unix ones
|
||
can coexist.
|
||
|
||
The tags library can no longer use standard ctags-style
|
||
tag tables files.
|
||
|
||
* The file of Lisp code Emacs reads on startup is now
|
||
called ~/.emacs rather than ~/.emacs_pro.
|
||
|
||
* copy-file now gives the copied file the same mode bits
|
||
as the original file.
|
||
|
||
* Output from a process inserted into the process's buffer
|
||
no longer sets the buffer's mark. Instead it sets a
|
||
marker associated with the process to point to the end
|
||
of the inserted text. You can access this marker with
|
||
(process-mark PROCESS)
|
||
and then either examine its position with marker-position
|
||
or set its position with set-marker.
|
||
|
||
* completing-read takes a new optional fifth argument which,
|
||
if non-nil, should be a string of text to insert into
|
||
the minibuffer before reading user commands.
|
||
|
||
* The Lisp function elt now exists:
|
||
(elt ARRAY N) is like (aref ARRAY N),
|
||
(elt LIST N) is like (nth N LIST).
|
||
|
||
* rplaca is now a synonym for setcar, and rplacd for setcdr.
|
||
eql is now a synonym for eq; it turns out that the Common Lisp
|
||
distinction between eq and eql is insignificant in Emacs.
|
||
numberp is a new synonym for integerp.
|
||
|
||
* auto-save has been renamed to auto-save-mode.
|
||
|
||
* Auto save file names for buffers are now created by the
|
||
function make-auto-save-file-name. This is so you can
|
||
redefine that function to change the way auto save file names
|
||
are chosen.
|
||
|
||
* expand-file-name no longer discards a final slash.
|
||
(expand-file-name "foo" "/lose") => "/lose/foo"
|
||
(expand-file-name "foo/" "/lose") => "/lose/foo/"
|
||
|
||
Also, expand-file-name no longer substitutes $ constructs.
|
||
A new function substitute-in-file-name does this. Reading
|
||
a file name with read-file-name or the `f' or`F' option
|
||
of interactive calling uses substitute-in-file-name
|
||
on the file name that was read and returns the result.
|
||
|
||
All I/O primitives including insert-file-contents and
|
||
delete-file call expand-file-name on the file name supplied.
|
||
This change makes them considerably faster in the usual case.
|
||
|
||
* Interactive calling spec strings allow the new code letter 'D'
|
||
which means to read a directory name. It is like 'f' except
|
||
that the default if the user makes no change in the minibuffer
|
||
is to return the current default directory rather than the
|
||
current visited file name.
|
||
|
||
Changes in Emacs 1.5
|
||
|
||
* suspend-emacs now accepts an optional argument
|
||
which is a string to be stuffed as terminal input
|
||
to be read by Emacs's superior shell after Emacs exits.
|
||
|
||
A library called ledit exists which uses this feature
|
||
to transmit text to a Lisp job running as a sibling of
|
||
Emacs.
|
||
|
||
* If find-file is given the name of a directory,
|
||
it automatically invokes dired on that directory
|
||
rather than reading in the binary data that make up
|
||
the actual contents of the directory according to Unix.
|
||
|
||
* Saving an Emacs buffer now preserves the file modes
|
||
of any previously existing file with the same name.
|
||
This works using new Lisp functions file-modes and
|
||
set-file-modes, which can be used to read or set the mode
|
||
bits of any file.
|
||
|
||
* The Lisp function cond now exists, with its traditional meaning.
|
||
|
||
* defvar and defconst now permit the documentation string
|
||
to be omitted. defvar also permits the initial value
|
||
to be omitted; then it acts only as a comment.
|
||
|
||
Changes in Emacs 1.4
|
||
|
||
* Auto-filling now normally indents the new line it creates
|
||
by calling indent-according-to-mode. This function, meanwhile,
|
||
has in Fundamental and Text modes the effect of making the line
|
||
have an indentation of the value of left-margin, a per-buffer variable.
|
||
|
||
Tab no longer precisely does indent-according-to-mode;
|
||
it does that in all modes that supply their own indentation routine,
|
||
but in Fundamental, Text and allied modes it inserts a tab character.
|
||
|
||
* The command M-x grep now invokes grep (on arguments
|
||
supplied by the user) and reads the output from grep
|
||
asynchronously into a buffer. The command C-x ` can
|
||
be used to move to the lines that grep has found.
|
||
This is an adaptation of the mechanism used for
|
||
running compilations and finding the loci of error messages.
|
||
|
||
You can now use C-x ` even while grep or compilation
|
||
is proceeding; as more matches or error messages arrive,
|
||
C-x ` will parse them and be able to find them.
|
||
|
||
* M-x mail now provides a command to send the message
|
||
and "exit"--that is, return to the previously selected
|
||
buffer. It is C-z C-z.
|
||
|
||
* Tab in C mode now tries harder to adapt to all indentation styles.
|
||
If the line being indented is a statement that is not the first
|
||
one in the containing compound-statement, it is aligned under
|
||
the beginning of the first statement.
|
||
|
||
* The functions screen-width and screen-height return the
|
||
total width and height of the screen as it is now being used.
|
||
set-screen-width and set-screen-height tell Emacs how big
|
||
to assume the screen is; they each take one argument,
|
||
an integer.
|
||
|
||
* The Lisp function 'function' now exists. function is the
|
||
same as quote, except that it serves as a signal to the
|
||
Lisp compiler that the argument should be compiled as
|
||
a function. Example:
|
||
(mapcar (function (lambda (x) (+ x 5))) list)
|
||
|
||
* The function set-key has been renamed to global-set-key.
|
||
undefine-key and local-undefine-key has been renamed to
|
||
global-unset-key and local-unset-key.
|
||
|
||
* Emacs now collects input from asynchronous subprocesses
|
||
while waiting in the functions sleep-for and sit-for.
|
||
|
||
* Shell mode's Newline command attempts to distinguish subshell
|
||
prompts from user input when issued in the middle of the buffer.
|
||
It no longer reexecutes from dot to the end of the line;
|
||
it reeexecutes the entire line minus any prompt.
|
||
The prompt is recognized by searching for the value of
|
||
shell-prompt-pattern, starting from the beginning of the line.
|
||
Anything thus skipped is not reexecuted.
|
||
|
||
Changes in Emacs 1.3
|
||
|
||
* An undo facility exists now. Type C-x u to undo a batch of
|
||
changes (usually one command's changes, but some commands
|
||
such as query-replace divide their changes into multiple
|
||
batches. You can repeat C-x u to undo further. As long
|
||
as no commands other than C-x u intervene, each one undoes
|
||
another batch. A numeric argument to C-x u acts as a repeat
|
||
count.
|
||
|
||
If you keep on undoing, eventually you may be told that
|
||
you have used up all the recorded undo information.
|
||
Some actions, such as reading in files, discard all
|
||
undo information.
|
||
|
||
The undo information is not currently stored separately
|
||
for each buffer, so it is mainly good if you do something
|
||
totally spastic. [This has since been fixed.]
|
||
|
||
* A learn-by-doing tutorial introduction to Emacs now exists.
|
||
Type C-h t to enter it.
|
||
|
||
* An Info documentation browser exists. Do M-x info to enter it.
|
||
It contains a tutorial introduction so that no more documentation
|
||
is needed here. As of now, the only documentation in it
|
||
is that of Info itself.
|
||
|
||
* Help k and Help c are now different. Help c prints just the
|
||
name of the function which the specified key invokes. Help k
|
||
prints the documentation of the function as well.
|
||
|
||
* A document of the differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs
|
||
now exists. It is called DIFF, in the same directory as this file.
|
||
|
||
* C mode can now indent comments better, including multi-line ones.
|
||
Meta-Control-q now reindents comment lines within the expression
|
||
being aligned.
|
||
|
||
* Insertion of a close-parenthesis now shows the matching open-parenthesis
|
||
even if it is off screen, by printing the text following it on its line
|
||
in the minibuffer.
|
||
|
||
* A file can now contain a list of local variable values
|
||
to be in effect when the file is edited. See the file DIFF
|
||
in the same directory as this file for full details.
|
||
|
||
* A function nth is defined. It means the same thing as in Common Lisp.
|
||
|
||
* The function install-command has been renamed to set-key.
|
||
It now takes the key sequence as the first argument
|
||
and the definition for it as the second argument.
|
||
Likewise, local-install-command has been renamed to local-set-key.
|
||
|
||
Changes in Emacs 1.2
|
||
|
||
* A Lisp single-stepping and debugging facility exists.
|
||
To cause the debugger to be entered when an error
|
||
occurs, set the variable debug-on-error non-nil.
|
||
|
||
To cause the debugger to be entered whenever function foo
|
||
is called, do (debug-on-entry 'foo). To cancel this,
|
||
do (cancel-debug-on-entry 'foo). debug-on-entry does
|
||
not work for primitives (written in C), only functions
|
||
written in Lisp. Most standard Emacs commands are in Lisp.
|
||
|
||
When the debugger is entered, the selected window shows
|
||
a buffer called " *Backtrace" which displays a series
|
||
of stack frames, most recently entered first. For each
|
||
frame, the function name called is shown, usually followed
|
||
by the argument values unless arguments are still being
|
||
calculated. At the beginning of the buffer is a description
|
||
of why the debugger was entered: function entry, function exit,
|
||
error, or simply that the user called the function `debug'.
|
||
|
||
To exit the debugger and return to top level, type `q'.
|
||
|
||
In the debugger, you can evaluate Lisp expressions by
|
||
typing `e'. This is equivalent to `M-ESC'.
|
||
|
||
When the debugger is entered due to an error, that is
|
||
all you can do. When it is entered due to function entry
|
||
(such as, requested by debug-on-entry), you have two
|
||
options:
|
||
Continue execution and reenter debugger after the
|
||
completion of the function being entered. Type `c'.
|
||
Continue execution but enter the debugger before
|
||
the next subexpression. Type `d'.
|
||
|
||
You will see that some stack frames are marked with *.
|
||
This means the debugger will be entered when those
|
||
frames exit. You will see the value being returned
|
||
in the first line of the backtrace buffer. Your options:
|
||
Continue execution, and return that value. Type `c'.
|
||
Continue execution, and return a specified value. Type `r'.
|
||
|
||
You can mark a frame to enter the debugger on exit
|
||
with the `b' command, or clear such a mark with `u'.
|
||
|
||
* Lisp macros now exist.
|
||
For example, you can write
|
||
(defmacro cadr (arg) (list 'car (list 'cdr arg)))
|
||
and then the expression
|
||
(cadr foo)
|
||
will expand into
|
||
(car (cdr foo))
|
||
|
||
Changes in Emacs 1.1
|
||
|
||
* The initial buffer is now called "scratch" and is in a
|
||
new major mode, Lisp Interaction mode. This mode is
|
||
intended for typing Lisp expressions, evaluating them,
|
||
and having the values printed into the buffer.
|
||
|
||
Type Linefeed after a Lisp expression, to evaluate the
|
||
expression and have its value printed into the buffer,
|
||
advancing dot.
|
||
|
||
The other commands of Lisp mode are available.
|
||
|
||
* The C-x C-e command for evaluating the Lisp expression
|
||
before dot has been changed to print the value in the
|
||
minibuffer line rather than insert it in the buffer.
|
||
A numeric argument causes the printed value to appear
|
||
in the buffer instead.
|
||
|
||
* In Lisp mode, the command M-C-x evaluates the defun
|
||
containing or following dot. The value is printed in
|
||
the minibuffer.
|
||
|
||
* The value of a Lisp expression evaluated using M-ESC
|
||
is now printed in the minibuffer.
|
||
|
||
* M-q now runs fill-paragraph, independent of major mode.
|
||
|
||
* C-h m now prints documentation on the current buffer's
|
||
major mode. What it prints is the documentation of the
|
||
major mode name as a function. All major modes have been
|
||
equipped with documentation that describes all commands
|
||
peculiar to the major mode, for this purpose.
|
||
|
||
* You can display a Unix manual entry with
|
||
the M-x manual-entry command.
|
||
|
||
* You can run a shell, displaying its output in a buffer,
|
||
with the M-x shell command. The Return key sends input
|
||
to the subshell. Output is printed inserted automatically
|
||
in the buffer. Commands C-c, C-d, C-u, C-w and C-z are redefined
|
||
for controlling the subshell and its subjobs.
|
||
"cd", "pushd" and "popd" commands are recognized as you
|
||
enter them, so that the default directory of the Emacs buffer
|
||
always remains the same as that of the subshell.
|
||
|
||
* C-x $ (that's a real dollar sign) controls line-hiding based
|
||
on indentation. With a numeric arg N > 0, it causes all lines
|
||
indented by N or more columns to become invisible.
|
||
They are, effectively, tacked onto the preceding line, where
|
||
they are represented by " ..." on the screen.
|
||
(The end of the preceding visible line corresponds to a
|
||
screen cursor position before the "...". Anywhere in the
|
||
invisible lines that follow appears on the screen as a cursor
|
||
position after the "...".)
|
||
Currently, all editing commands treat invisible lines just
|
||
like visible ones, except for C-n and C-p, which have special
|
||
code to count visible lines only.
|
||
C-x $ with no argument turns off this mode, which in any case
|
||
is remembered separately for each buffer.
|
||
|
||
* Outline mode is another form of selective display.
|
||
It is a major mode invoked with M-x outline-mode.
|
||
It is intended for editing files that are structured as
|
||
outlines, with heading lines (lines that begin with one
|
||
or more asterisks) and text lines (all other lines).
|
||
The number of asterisks in a heading line are its level;
|
||
the subheadings of a heading line are all following heading
|
||
lines at higher levels, until but not including the next
|
||
heading line at the same or a lower level, regardless
|
||
of intervening text lines.
|
||
|
||
In outline mode, you have commands to hide (remove from display)
|
||
or show the text or subheadings under each heading line
|
||
independently. Hidden text or subheadings are invisibly
|
||
attached to the end of the preceding heading line, so that
|
||
if you kill the hading line and yank it back elsewhere
|
||
all the invisible lines accompany it.
|
||
|
||
All editing commands treat hidden outline-mode lines
|
||
as part of the preceding visible line.
|
||
|
||
* C-x C-z runs save-buffers-kill-emacs
|
||
offers to save each file buffer, then exits.
|
||
|
||
* C-c's function is now called suspend-emacs.
|
||
|
||
* The command C-x m runs mail, which switches to a buffer *mail*
|
||
and lets you compose a message to send. C-x 4 m runs mail in
|
||
another window. Type C-z C-s in the mail buffer to send the
|
||
message according to what you have entered in the buffer.
|
||
|
||
You must separate the headers from the message text with
|
||
an empty line.
|
||
|
||
* You can now dired partial directories (specified with names
|
||
containing *'s, etc, all processed by the shell). Also, you
|
||
can dired more than one directory; dired names the buffer
|
||
according to the filespec or directory name. Reinvoking
|
||
dired on a directory already direded just switches back to
|
||
the same directory used last time; do M-x revert if you want
|
||
to read in the current contents of the directory.
|
||
|
||
C-x d runs dired, and C-x 4 d runs dired in another window.
|
||
|
||
C-x C-d (list-directory) also allows partial directories now.
|
||
|
||
Lisp programming changes
|
||
|
||
* t as an output stream now means "print to the minibuffer".
|
||
If there is already text in the minibuffer printed via t
|
||
as an output stream, the new text is appended to the old
|
||
(or is truncated and lost at the margin). If the minibuffer
|
||
contains text put there for some other reason, it is cleared
|
||
first.
|
||
|
||
t is now the top-level value of standard-output.
|
||
|
||
t as an input stream now means "read via the minibuffer".
|
||
The minibuffer is used to read a line of input, with editing,
|
||
and this line is then parsed. Any excess not used by `read'
|
||
is ignored; each `read' from t reads fresh input.
|
||
t is now the top-level value of standard-input.
|
||
|
||
* A marker may be used as an input stream or an output stream.
|
||
The effect is to grab input from where the marker points,
|
||
advancing it over the characters read, or to insert output
|
||
at the marker and advance it.
|
||
|
||
* Output from an asynchronous subprocess is now inserted at
|
||
the end of the associated buffer, not at the buffer's dot,
|
||
and the buffer's mark is set to the end of the inserted output
|
||
each time output is inserted.
|
||
|
||
* (pos-visible-in-window-p POS WINDOW)
|
||
returns t if position POS in WINDOW's buffer is in the range
|
||
that is being displayed in WINDOW; nil if it is scrolled
|
||
vertically out of visibility.
|
||
|
||
If display in WINDOW is not currently up to date, this function
|
||
calculates carefully whether POS would appear if display were
|
||
done immediately based on the current (window-start WINDOW).
|
||
|
||
POS defaults to (dot), and WINDOW to (selected-window).
|
||
|
||
* Variable buffer-alist replaced by function (buffer-list).
|
||
The actual alist of buffers used internally by Emacs is now
|
||
no longer accessible, to prevent the user from crashing Emacs
|
||
by modifying it. The function buffer-list returns a list
|
||
of all existing buffers. Modifying this list cannot hurt anything
|
||
as a new list is constructed by each call to buffer-list.
|
||
|
||
* load now takes an optional third argument NOMSG which, if non-nil,
|
||
prevents load from printing a message when it starts and when
|
||
it is done.
|
||
|
||
* byte-recompile-directory is a new function which finds all
|
||
the .elc files in a directory, and regenerates each one which
|
||
is older than the corresponding .el (Lisp source) file.
|
||
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
Copyright information:
|
||
|
||
Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman
|
||
|
||
Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
|
||
of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
|
||
copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
|
||
thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.
|
||
|
||
Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
|
||
of this document, or of portions of it,
|
||
under the above conditions, provided also that they
|
||
carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
|
||
|
||
Local variables:
|
||
mode: text
|
||
end:
|
||
|
||
arch-tag: c006f958-d769-44c7-a9f4-e2faf070624d
|