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1318 lines
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1318 lines
51 KiB
Plaintext
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001,
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@c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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@node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top
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@chapter Dired, the Directory Editor
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@cindex Dired
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@cindex file management
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Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and
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optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal
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Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands
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to operate on the files listed.
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The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not
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useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x}
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are redefined for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands
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@dfn{mark} or @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on
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the current line); other commands operate on the marked files or on
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the flagged files. You first mark certain files in order to operate
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on all of them with on command.
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The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode.
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@xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}.
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@menu
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* Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired.
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* Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer.
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* Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired.
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* Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
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* Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired.
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* Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
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* Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
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either one file or several files.
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* Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
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* Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
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* Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
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* Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
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@ifnottex
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* Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired.
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@end ifnottex
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* Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
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* Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
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* Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest.
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* Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
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* Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
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* Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired
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* Misc: Misc Dired Features. Various other features.
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@end menu
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@node Dired Enter
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@section Entering Dired
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@findex dired
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@kindex C-x d
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@vindex dired-listing-switches
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To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command
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reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer
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argument to specify the files to list. @kbd{C-x C-f} given a
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directory name also invokes Dired. Where @code{dired} differs from
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@code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so
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that the special commands of Dired are available.
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The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to
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give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must}
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contain @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the
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@code{dired} command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the
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minibuffer before you enter the directory specification. No matter
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how they are specified, the @code{ls} switches can include short
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options (that is, single characters) requiring no arguments, and long
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options (starting with @samp{--}) whose arguments are specified with
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@samp{=}.
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On MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems, Emacs @emph{emulates} @code{ls};
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see @ref{ls in Lisp}, for options and peculiarities of that emulation.
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@findex dired-other-window
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@kindex C-x 4 d
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@findex dired-other-frame
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@kindex C-x 5 d
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To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the
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selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead
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of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a
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separate frame to display the Dired buffer.
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@node Dired Navigation
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@section Navigation in the Dired Buffer
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@kindex C-n @r{(Dired)}
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@kindex C-p @r{(Dired)}
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All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired
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buffers. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the
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cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at
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the beginning of the line.
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@kindex SPC @r{(Dired)}
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For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent
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to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is
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so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL}
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(move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up.
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@findex dired-goto-file
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@kindex j @r{(Dired)}
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@kbd{j} (@code{dired-goto-file}) moves point to the line that
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describes a specified file or directory.
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Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired
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buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}.
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@node Dired Deletion
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@section Deleting Files with Dired
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@cindex flagging files (in Dired)
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@cindex deleting files (in Dired)
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One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for
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deletion, then delete the files that were flagged.
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@table @kbd
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@item d
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Flag this file for deletion.
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@item u
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Remove deletion flag on this line.
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@item @key{DEL}
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Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line.
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@item x
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Delete the files that are flagged for deletion.
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@end table
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@kindex d @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-flag-file-deletion
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You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing
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the file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The
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deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at the beginning of the line.
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This command moves point to the next line, so that repeated @kbd{d}
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commands flag successive files. A numeric argument serves as a repeat
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count.
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@kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)}
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@kindex DEL @r{(Dired)}
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The reason for flagging files for deletion, rather than deleting
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files immediately, is to reduce the danger of deleting a file
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accidentally. Until you direct Dired to delete the flagged files, you
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can remove deletion flags using the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}.
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@kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works just like @kbd{d}, but removes
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flags rather than making flags. @key{DEL}
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(@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; it is
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like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1.
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@kindex x @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-do-flagged-delete
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@cindex expunging (Dired)
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To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x}
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(@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). (This is also known as
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@dfn{expunging}.) This command first displays a list of all the file
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names flagged for deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}.
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If you confirm, Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their
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lines from the text of the Dired buffer. The Dired buffer, with
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somewhat fewer lines, remains selected.
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If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you
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return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in
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the buffer, and no files actually deleted.
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@cindex recursive deletion
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@vindex dired-recursive-deletes
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You can delete empty directories just like other files, but normally
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Dired cannot delete directories that are nonempty. If the variable
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@code{dired-recursive-deletes} is non-@code{nil}, then Dired can
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delete nonempty directories including all their contents. That can
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be somewhat risky.
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@node Flagging Many Files
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@section Flagging Many Files at Once
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@cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired)
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@table @kbd
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@item #
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Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#})
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for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}).
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@item ~
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Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion
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(@pxref{Backup}).
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@item &
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Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names which suggest
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you could easily create those files again.
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@item .@: @r{(Period)}
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Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest
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few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are
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flagged.
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@item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET}
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Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression
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@var{regexp}.
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@end table
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The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for
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deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful
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precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can
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remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to
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keep.@refill
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@kindex & @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-flag-garbage-files
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@vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp
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@cindex deleting some backup files
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@kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names
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match the regular expression specified by the variable
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@code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain
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files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and
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@samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}.
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@kindex # @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-flag-auto-save-files
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@cindex deleting auto-save files
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@kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all
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files whose names look like auto-save files---that is, files whose
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names begin and end with @samp{#}. @xref{Auto Save}.
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@kindex ~ @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-flag-backup-files
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@kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all
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files whose names say they are backup files---that is, files whose
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names end in @samp{~}. @xref{Backup}.
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@kindex . @r{(Dired)}
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@vindex dired-kept-versions
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@findex dired-clean-directory
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@kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the
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backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups
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of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not}
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@code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the
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number of newest versions of each file to keep, and
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@code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to
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keep.
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Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .},
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specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding
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@code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides
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@code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to
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specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep.
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@findex dired-flag-files-regexp
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@kindex % d @r{(Dired)}
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The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified
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regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the
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non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use
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@samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude certain
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subdirectories from marking by hiding them while you use @kbd{% d}.
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@xref{Hiding Subdirectories}.
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@node Dired Visiting
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@section Visiting Files in Dired
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There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files
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listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's
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file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on
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that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer).
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@table @kbd
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@item f
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@kindex f @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-find-file
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Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f}
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and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}.
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@item @key{RET}
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@itemx e
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@kindex RET @r{(Dired)}
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@kindex e @r{(Dired)}
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Equivalent to @kbd{f}.
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@ignore @c This command seems too risky to document at all.
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@item a
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@kindex a @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-find-alternate-file
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Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with
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that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}).
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@end ignore
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@item o
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@kindex o @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-find-file-other-window
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Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer
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(@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible
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in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the
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file. @xref{Windows}.
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@item C-o
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@kindex C-o @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-display-file
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Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in
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another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}).
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@item Mouse-1
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@itemx Mouse-2
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@findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window
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Visit the file named by the line you click on
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(@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window
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to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command.
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@item v
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@kindex v @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-view-file
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View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file}
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(@code{dired-view-file}). Viewing a file with @code{view-file} is
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like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file
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conveniently and does not allow changing the file. @xref{Misc File
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Ops, View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}.
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@item ^
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@kindex ^ @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-up-directory
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Visit the parent directory of the current directory
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(@code{dired-up-directory}). This is equivalent to moving to the line
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for @file{..} and typing @kbd{f} there.
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@end table
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@node Marks vs Flags
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@section Dired Marks vs. Flags
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@cindex marking many files (in Dired)
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Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the
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file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired
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commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}. The
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only command that operates on flagged files is @kbd{x}, which expunges
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them.
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Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, for unmarking, and
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for operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag
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and unflag files.)
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@table @kbd
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@item m
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@itemx * m
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@kindex m @r{(Dired)}
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@kindex * m @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-mark
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Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric
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argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current
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file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n}
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files.)
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@item * *
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@kindex * * @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-mark-executables
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@cindex marking executable files (in Dired)
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Mark all executable files with @samp{*}
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(@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all
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those files.
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@item * @@
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@kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-mark-symlinks
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@cindex marking symbolic links (in Dired)
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Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}).
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With a numeric argument, unmark all those files.
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@item * /
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@kindex * / @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-mark-directories
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@cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired)
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Mark with @samp{*} all files which are directories, except for
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@file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric
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argument, unmark all those files.
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@item * s
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@kindex * s @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-mark-subdir-files
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Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.}
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and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}).
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@item u
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@itemx * u
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@kindex u @r{(Dired)}
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@kindex * u @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-unmark
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Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}).
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@item @key{DEL}
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@itemx * @key{DEL}
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@kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-unmark-backward
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@cindex unmarking files (in Dired)
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Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line
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(@code{dired-unmark-backward}).
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@item * !
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@itemx U
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@kindex * ! @r{(Dired)}
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@kindex U @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-unmark-all-marks
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Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer
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(@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}).
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@item * ? @var{markchar}
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@itemx M-@key{DEL}
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@kindex * ? @r{(Dired)}
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@kindex M-DEL @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-unmark-all-files
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Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar}
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(@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single
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character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description
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of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark
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character with another.
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With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file,
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asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes,
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@kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining
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files without asking about them.
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@item * C-n
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@itemx M-@}
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@findex dired-next-marked-file
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@kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)}
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@kindex M-@} @r{(Dired)}
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Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file})
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A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark.
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@item * C-p
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@itemx M-@{
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@findex dired-prev-marked-file
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@kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)}
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@kindex M-@{ @r{(Dired)}
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Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file})
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@item t
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@itemx * t
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@kindex t @r{(Dired)}
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@kindex * t @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-toggle-marks
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@cindex toggling marks (in Dired)
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Toggle all marks (@code{dired-toggle-marks}): files marked with @samp{*}
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become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files
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marked in any other way are not affected.
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@item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar}
|
|
@kindex * c @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-change-marks
|
|
Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks
|
|
that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}).
|
|
This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than
|
|
@samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use
|
|
@key{RET} to terminate them.
|
|
|
|
You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this
|
|
command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar}
|
|
is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files;
|
|
if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it
|
|
acts on.
|
|
|
|
To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D}
|
|
flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those
|
|
that already have @samp{D} flags:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
* c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}.
|
|
|
|
@item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET}
|
|
@itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET}
|
|
@findex dired-mark-files-regexp
|
|
@kindex % m @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@kindex * % @r{(Dired)}
|
|
Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression
|
|
@var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like
|
|
@kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging
|
|
with @samp{D}.
|
|
|
|
Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use
|
|
@samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude
|
|
subdirectories by temporarily hiding them (@pxref{Hiding
|
|
Subdirectories}).
|
|
|
|
@item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET}
|
|
@findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp
|
|
@kindex % g @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired)
|
|
Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for
|
|
the regular expression @var{regexp}
|
|
(@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like
|
|
@kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file
|
|
name.
|
|
|
|
@item C-x u
|
|
@itemx C-_
|
|
@itemx C-/
|
|
@kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-undo
|
|
Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing
|
|
marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the
|
|
actual file operations, nor recover lost files!} It just undoes
|
|
changes in the buffer itself.
|
|
|
|
In some cases, using this after commands that operate on files can
|
|
cause trouble. For example, after renaming one or more files,
|
|
@code{dired-undo} restores the original names in the Dired buffer,
|
|
which gets the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of
|
|
the directory.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Operating on Files
|
|
@section Operating on Files
|
|
@cindex operating on files in Dired
|
|
|
|
This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file
|
|
or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of
|
|
them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for
|
|
confirmation, before they act. All of them let you specify the
|
|
files to manipulate in these ways:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates
|
|
on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n}
|
|
is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding
|
|
the current line.)
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates
|
|
on all those files.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
Certain other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%}
|
|
commands, use the same conventions to decide which files to work on.
|
|
|
|
@vindex dired-dwim-target
|
|
@cindex two directories (in Dired)
|
|
Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which
|
|
copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default
|
|
target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired
|
|
buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target}
|
|
is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the
|
|
next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead.
|
|
|
|
Here are the file-manipulating Dired commands that operate on files.
|
|
|
|
@table @kbd
|
|
@findex dired-do-copy
|
|
@kindex C @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex copying files (in Dired)
|
|
@item C @var{new} @key{RET}
|
|
Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new}
|
|
is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new
|
|
name. This is like the shell command @code{cp}.
|
|
|
|
@vindex dired-copy-preserve-time
|
|
If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying
|
|
with this command preserves the modification time of the old file in
|
|
the copy, like @samp{cp -p}.
|
|
|
|
@vindex dired-recursive-copies
|
|
@cindex recursive copying
|
|
The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether to copy
|
|
directories recursively (like @samp{cp -r}). The default is
|
|
@code{nil}, which means that directories cannot be copied.
|
|
|
|
@item D
|
|
@findex dired-do-delete
|
|
@kindex D @r{(Dired)}
|
|
Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). This is like the
|
|
shell command @code{rm}.
|
|
|
|
Like the other commands in this section, this command operates on the
|
|
@emph{marked} files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x}
|
|
(@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-rename
|
|
@kindex R @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex renaming files (in Dired)
|
|
@cindex moving files (in Dired)
|
|
@item R @var{new} @key{RET}
|
|
Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). If you rename a
|
|
single file, the argument @var{new} is the new name of the file. If
|
|
you rename several files, the argument @var{new} is the directory into
|
|
which to move the files (this is like the shell command @code{mv}).
|
|
|
|
Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated
|
|
with renamed files so that they refer to the new names.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-hardlink
|
|
@kindex H @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex hard links (in Dired)
|
|
@item H @var{new} @key{RET}
|
|
Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}).
|
|
This is like the shell command @code{ln}. The argument @var{new} is
|
|
the directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the
|
|
name to give the link.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-symlink
|
|
@kindex S @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex symbolic links (creation in Dired)
|
|
@item S @var{new} @key{RET}
|
|
Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}).
|
|
This is like @samp{ln -s}. The argument @var{new} is the directory to
|
|
make the links in, or (if making just one link) the name to give the
|
|
link.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-chmod
|
|
@kindex M @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex changing file permissions (in Dired)
|
|
@item M @var{modespec} @key{RET}
|
|
Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files
|
|
(@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so
|
|
@var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-chgrp
|
|
@kindex G @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex changing file group (in Dired)
|
|
@item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET}
|
|
Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup}
|
|
(@code{dired-do-chgrp}).
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-chown
|
|
@kindex O @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex changing file owner (in Dired)
|
|
@item O @var{newowner} @key{RET}
|
|
Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner}
|
|
(@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do
|
|
this.)
|
|
|
|
@vindex dired-chown-program
|
|
The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the
|
|
program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in
|
|
different places).
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-touch
|
|
@kindex T @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex changing file time (in Dired)
|
|
@item T @var{timestamp} @key{RET}
|
|
Touch the specified files (@code{dired-do-touch}). This means
|
|
updating their modification times to the present time. This is like
|
|
the shell command @code{touch}.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-print
|
|
@kindex P @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex printing files (in Dired)
|
|
@item P @var{command} @key{RET}
|
|
Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the
|
|
command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a
|
|
suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and
|
|
@code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses;
|
|
@pxref{Printing}).
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-compress
|
|
@kindex Z @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex compressing files (in Dired)
|
|
@item Z
|
|
Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file
|
|
appears to be a compressed file already, uncompress it instead.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-load
|
|
@kindex L @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex loading several files (in Dired)
|
|
@item L
|
|
Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}).
|
|
@xref{Lisp Libraries}.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-byte-compile
|
|
@kindex B @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired)
|
|
@item B
|
|
Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files
|
|
(@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte
|
|
Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
|
|
|
|
@kindex A @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-do-search
|
|
@cindex search multiple files (in Dired)
|
|
@item A @var{regexp} @key{RET}
|
|
Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp}
|
|
(@code{dired-do-search}).
|
|
|
|
This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at
|
|
the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find
|
|
the next match. @xref{Tags Search}.
|
|
|
|
@kindex Q @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp
|
|
@cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired)
|
|
@item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
|
Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files,
|
|
replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string
|
|
@var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}).
|
|
|
|
This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the
|
|
query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace
|
|
more matches. @xref{Tags Search}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Shell Commands in Dired
|
|
@section Shell Commands in Dired
|
|
@cindex shell commands, Dired
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-do-shell-command
|
|
@kindex ! @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@kindex X @r{(Dired)}
|
|
The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a
|
|
shell command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on
|
|
all the specified files. (@kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}.) You can
|
|
specify the files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands
|
|
(@pxref{Operating on Files}).
|
|
|
|
The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory
|
|
of the Dired buffer.
|
|
|
|
There are two ways of applying a shell command to multiple files:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command,
|
|
then the command runs just once, with the list of file names
|
|
substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file names is the order of
|
|
appearance in the Dired buffer.
|
|
|
|
Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire
|
|
list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}.
|
|
|
|
If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around
|
|
it, write @samp{*""}. In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*};
|
|
but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does
|
|
not treat it specially.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by
|
|
whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}. Normally the file
|
|
name is added at the end.
|
|
|
|
For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each
|
|
file.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by
|
|
whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather
|
|
than added at the end). You can use @samp{?} this way more than once
|
|
in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an
|
|
explicit shell loop. For example, here is how to uuencode each file,
|
|
making the output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file
|
|
name:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to
|
|
show new or modified files, because it doesn't understand shell
|
|
commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use
|
|
the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired
|
|
Updating}).
|
|
|
|
@node Transforming File Names
|
|
@section Transforming File Names in Dired
|
|
|
|
This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a
|
|
systematic way. Each command operates on some or all of the marked
|
|
files, using a new name made by transforming the existing name.
|
|
|
|
Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on
|
|
Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next
|
|
@var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current
|
|
file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs
|
|
Flags}.)
|
|
|
|
All of the commands described in this section work
|
|
@emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each
|
|
candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually
|
|
need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and
|
|
then filter the selected names by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the
|
|
command prompts for confirmation.
|
|
|
|
@table @kbd
|
|
@findex dired-upcase
|
|
@kindex % u @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex upcase file names
|
|
@item % u
|
|
Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name
|
|
(@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo}
|
|
and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}.
|
|
|
|
@item % l
|
|
@findex dired-downcase
|
|
@kindex % l @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@cindex downcase file names
|
|
Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name
|
|
(@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and
|
|
@file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}.
|
|
|
|
@item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
|
@kindex % R @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-do-rename-regexp
|
|
@itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
|
@kindex % C @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-do-copy-regexp
|
|
@itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
|
@kindex % H @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp
|
|
@itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
|
@kindex % S @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-do-symlink-regexp
|
|
These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links,
|
|
in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution
|
|
from the name of the old file.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively
|
|
perform a search-and-replace on the selected file names. They read
|
|
two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a substitution
|
|
pattern @var{to}; they match each ``old'' file name against
|
|
@var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. You can
|
|
use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to all or
|
|
part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in
|
|
@code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular
|
|
expression matches more than once in a file name, only the first match
|
|
is replaced.
|
|
|
|
For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each
|
|
selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this,
|
|
removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible:
|
|
one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is
|
|
@kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor
|
|
matches that should span the whole file name.)
|
|
|
|
Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files'
|
|
directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If
|
|
you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the
|
|
entire absolute file name including directory name. (A non-zero
|
|
argument specifies the number of files to operate on.)
|
|
|
|
You may want to select the set of files to operate on using the same
|
|
regexp @var{from} that you will use to operate on them. To do this,
|
|
mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{from} @key{RET}}, then use the
|
|
same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To
|
|
make this more convenient, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files
|
|
use the last regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a
|
|
default.
|
|
|
|
@node Comparison in Dired
|
|
@section File Comparison with Dired
|
|
@cindex file comparison (in Dired)
|
|
@cindex compare files (in Dired)
|
|
|
|
Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using
|
|
@code{diff}. They show the output in a buffer using Diff mode
|
|
(@pxref{Comparing Files}).
|
|
|
|
@table @kbd
|
|
@item =
|
|
@findex dired-diff
|
|
@kindex = @r{(Dired)}
|
|
Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the
|
|
file at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}).
|
|
The file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the
|
|
file at point is the second argument. This refers to the ordinary
|
|
Emacs mark, not Dired marks; use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}
|
|
(@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line
|
|
(@pxref{Setting Mark}).
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-backup-diff
|
|
@kindex M-= @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@item M-=
|
|
Compare the current file with its latest backup file
|
|
(@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup,
|
|
compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare
|
|
a file with any one of its backups.
|
|
|
|
The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Subdirectories in Dired
|
|
@section Subdirectories in Dired
|
|
@cindex subdirectories in Dired
|
|
@cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired
|
|
|
|
A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case;
|
|
but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well.
|
|
|
|
The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is
|
|
to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a
|
|
numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options
|
|
in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing
|
|
all subdirectories at all levels.
|
|
|
|
More often, you will want to show only specific subdirectories. You
|
|
can do this with the @kbd{i} command:
|
|
|
|
@table @kbd
|
|
@findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir
|
|
@kindex i @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@item i
|
|
@cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired)
|
|
@cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired)
|
|
Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line
|
|
that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of
|
|
that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted
|
|
subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired
|
|
buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output.
|
|
|
|
If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the
|
|
@kbd{i} command just moves to it.
|
|
|
|
In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u
|
|
C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line
|
|
describing that subdirectory).
|
|
|
|
Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the
|
|
subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header
|
|
line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ifnottex
|
|
@include dired-xtra.texi
|
|
@end ifnottex
|
|
|
|
@node Subdirectory Motion
|
|
@section Moving Over Subdirectories
|
|
|
|
When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion
|
|
commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories
|
|
(@pxref{Pages}).
|
|
|
|
@cindex header line (Dired)
|
|
@cindex directory header lines
|
|
The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of
|
|
directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header
|
|
lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the
|
|
beginning of the directory's contents.
|
|
|
|
@table @kbd
|
|
@findex dired-next-subdir
|
|
@kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@item C-M-n
|
|
Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level
|
|
(@code{dired-next-subdir}).
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-prev-subdir
|
|
@kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@item C-M-p
|
|
Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level
|
|
(@code{dired-prev-subdir}).
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-tree-up
|
|
@kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@item C-M-u
|
|
Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}).
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-tree-down
|
|
@kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@item C-M-d
|
|
Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line
|
|
(@code{dired-tree-down}).
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-prev-dirline
|
|
@kindex < @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@item <
|
|
Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
|
|
These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its
|
|
parent directory.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-next-dirline
|
|
@kindex > @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@item >
|
|
Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Hiding Subdirectories
|
|
@section Hiding Subdirectories
|
|
|
|
@cindex hiding in Dired (Dired)
|
|
@dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its
|
|
header line.
|
|
|
|
@table @kbd
|
|
@item $
|
|
@findex dired-hide-subdir
|
|
@kindex $ @r{(Dired)}
|
|
Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the
|
|
next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves
|
|
as a repeat count.
|
|
|
|
@item M-$
|
|
@findex dired-hide-all
|
|
@kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)}
|
|
Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header
|
|
lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently
|
|
hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command
|
|
to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to
|
|
subdirectories far away.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden
|
|
subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files
|
|
ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you
|
|
can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations
|
|
without having to remove the Dired marks on files in those
|
|
subdirectories.
|
|
|
|
@node Dired Updating
|
|
@section Updating the Dired Buffer
|
|
@cindex updating Dired buffer
|
|
@cindex refreshing displayed files
|
|
|
|
This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect
|
|
outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete
|
|
part of the Dired buffer.
|
|
|
|
@table @kbd
|
|
@item g
|
|
Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}).
|
|
|
|
@item l
|
|
Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). You specify the
|
|
files for @kbd{l} in the same way as for file operations.
|
|
|
|
@item k
|
|
Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines
|
|
(@code{dired-do-kill-lines}).
|
|
|
|
@item s
|
|
Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order
|
|
(@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}).
|
|
|
|
@item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}
|
|
Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as
|
|
@code{dired-listing-switches}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@kindex g @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)}
|
|
Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the
|
|
Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed.
|
|
This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished.
|
|
Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden.
|
|
|
|
@kindex l @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-do-redisplay
|
|
To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l}
|
|
(@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands,
|
|
this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous
|
|
@minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the
|
|
current file. Updating the files means reading their current status,
|
|
then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status.
|
|
|
|
If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the
|
|
contents of the corresponding subdirectory.
|
|
|
|
@kindex k @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-do-kill-lines
|
|
To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not
|
|
delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like
|
|
the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n}
|
|
files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the
|
|
current file as a last resort.
|
|
|
|
If you use @kbd{k} with a numeric prefix argument to kill the line
|
|
for a file that is a directory, which you have inserted in the Dired
|
|
buffer as a subdirectory, it deletes that subdirectory from the buffer
|
|
as well. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the header line for a subdirectory
|
|
also deletes the subdirectory from the Dired buffer.
|
|
|
|
The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have
|
|
killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to
|
|
reinsert a subdirectory.
|
|
|
|
@cindex Dired sorting
|
|
@cindex sorting Dired buffer
|
|
@kindex s @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit
|
|
The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order
|
|
by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The
|
|
Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches
|
|
between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer
|
|
indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date.
|
|
|
|
@kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for
|
|
@code{dired-listing-switches}.
|
|
|
|
@node Dired and Find
|
|
@section Dired and @code{find}
|
|
@cindex @code{find} and Dired
|
|
|
|
You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more
|
|
flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files.
|
|
|
|
@findex find-name-dired
|
|
To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use
|
|
@kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and
|
|
@var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its
|
|
subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}.
|
|
|
|
The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer, in which the
|
|
ordinary Dired commands are available.
|
|
|
|
@findex find-grep-dired
|
|
If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names,
|
|
use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer
|
|
arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in
|
|
@var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for
|
|
@var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and
|
|
@code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep Searching}.
|
|
Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs.
|
|
(An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given
|
|
regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.)
|
|
|
|
@findex find-dired
|
|
The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which
|
|
lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two
|
|
minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs
|
|
@code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell
|
|
@code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to
|
|
know how to use @code{find}.
|
|
|
|
@vindex find-ls-option
|
|
The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the
|
|
variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using
|
|
options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you
|
|
may need to change the value of this variable.
|
|
|
|
@findex locate
|
|
@findex locate-with-filter
|
|
@cindex file database (locate)
|
|
@vindex locate-command
|
|
The command @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the
|
|
@code{locate} program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but
|
|
keeps only files whose names match a given regular expression.
|
|
|
|
These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers: file
|
|
operations work, but do not always automatically update the buffer.
|
|
Reverting the buffer with @kbd{g} deletes all inserted subdirectories,
|
|
and erases all flags and marks.
|
|
|
|
@node Wdired
|
|
@section Editing the Dired Buffer
|
|
|
|
@cindex wdired mode
|
|
@findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode
|
|
Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations
|
|
by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands
|
|
for ``writable.'') To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{M-x
|
|
wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer. Alternatively,
|
|
use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu.
|
|
|
|
@findex wdired-finish-edit
|
|
While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names
|
|
displayed in the Dired buffer. All the ordinary Emacs editing
|
|
commands, including rectangle operations and @code{query-replace}, are
|
|
available for this. Once you are done editing, type @kbd{C-c C-c}
|
|
(@code{wdired-finish-edit}). This applies your changes and switches
|
|
back to ordinary Dired mode.
|
|
|
|
Apart from simply renaming files, you can move a file to another
|
|
directory by typing in the new file name (either absolute or
|
|
relative). To mark a file for deletion, delete the entire file name.
|
|
To change the target of a symbolic link, edit the link target name
|
|
which appears next to the link name.
|
|
|
|
The rest of the text in the buffer, such as the file sizes and
|
|
modification dates, is marked read-only, so you can't edit it.
|
|
However, if you set @code{wdired-allow-to-change-permissions} to
|
|
@code{t}, you can edit the file permissions. For example, you can
|
|
change @samp{-rw-r--r--} to @samp{-rw-rw-rw-} to make a file
|
|
world-writable. These changes also take effect when you type @kbd{C-c
|
|
C-c}.
|
|
|
|
@node Image-Dired
|
|
@section Viewing Image Thumbnails in Dired
|
|
@cindex image-dired mode
|
|
@cindex image-dired
|
|
|
|
Image-Dired is a facility for browsing image files. It provides viewing
|
|
the images either as thumbnails or in full size, either inside Emacs
|
|
or through an external viewer.
|
|
|
|
@kindex C-t d @r{(Image-Dired)}
|
|
@findex image-dired-display-thumbs
|
|
To enter Image-Dired, mark the image files you want to look at in
|
|
the Dired buffer, using @kbd{m} as usual. Then type @kbd{C-t d}
|
|
(@code{image-dired-display-thumbs}). This creates and switches to a
|
|
buffer containing image-dired, corresponding to the marked files.
|
|
|
|
You can also enter Image-Dired directly by typing @kbd{M-x
|
|
image-dired}. This prompts for a directory; specify one that has
|
|
image files. This creates thumbnails for all the images in that
|
|
directory, and displays them all in the ``thumbnail buffer.'' This
|
|
takes a long time if the directory contains many image files, and it
|
|
asks for confirmation if the number of image files exceeds
|
|
@code{image-dired-show-all-from-dir-max-files}.
|
|
|
|
With point in the thumbnail buffer, you can type @kbd{RET}
|
|
(@code{image-dired-display-thumbnail-original-image}) to display a
|
|
sized version of it in another window. This sizes the image to fit
|
|
the window. Use the arrow keys to move around in the buffer. For
|
|
easy browsing, use @kbd{SPC}
|
|
(@code{image-dired-display-next-thumbnail-original}) to advance and
|
|
display the next image. Typing @kbd{DEL}
|
|
(@code{image-dired-display-previous-thumbnail-original}) backs up to
|
|
the previous thumbnail and displays that instead.
|
|
|
|
@vindex image-dired-external-viewer
|
|
To view and the image in its original size, either provide a prefix
|
|
argument (@kbd{C-u}) before pressing @kbd{RET}, or type
|
|
@kbd{C-@key{RET}} (@code{image-dired-thumbnail-display-external}) to
|
|
display the image in an external viewer. You must first configure
|
|
@code{image-dired-external-viewer}.
|
|
|
|
You can delete images through Image-Dired also. Type @kbd{d}
|
|
(@code{image-dired-flag-thumb-original-file}) to flag the image file
|
|
for deletion in the Dired buffer. You can also delete the thumbnail
|
|
image from the thumbnail buffer with @kbd{C-d}
|
|
(@code{image-dired-delete-char}).
|
|
|
|
More advanced features include @dfn{image tags}, which are metadata
|
|
used to categorize image files. The tags are stored in a plain text
|
|
file configured by @code{image-dired-db-file}.
|
|
|
|
To tag image files, mark them in the dired buffer (you can also mark
|
|
files in Dired from the thumbnail buffer by typing @kbd{m}) and type
|
|
@kbd{C-t t} (@code{image-dired-tag-files}). You will be prompted for
|
|
a tag. To mark files having a certain tag, type @kbd{C-t f}
|
|
(@code{image-dired-mark-tagged-files}). After marking image files
|
|
with a certain tag, you can use @kbd{C-t d} to view them.
|
|
|
|
You can also tag a file directly from the thumbnail buffer by typing
|
|
@kbd{t t} and you can remove a tag by typing @kbd{t r}. There is also
|
|
a special ``tag'' called ``comment'' for each file (it is not a tag in
|
|
the exact same sense as the other tags, it is handled slightly
|
|
different). That is used to enter a comment or description about the
|
|
image. You comment a file from the thumbnail buffer by typing
|
|
@kbd{c}. You will be prompted for a comment. Type @kbd{C-t c} to add
|
|
a comment from Dired (@code{image-dired-dired-comment-files}).
|
|
|
|
Image-Dired also provides simple image manipulation. In the
|
|
thumbnail buffer, type @kbd{L} to rotate the original image 90 degrees
|
|
anti clockwise, and @kbd{R} to rotate it 90 degrees clockwise. This
|
|
rotation is lossless, and uses an external utility called JpegTRAN.
|
|
|
|
@node Misc Dired Features
|
|
@section Other Dired Features
|
|
|
|
@kindex + @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-create-directory
|
|
An unusual Dired file-operation command is @kbd{+}
|
|
(@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name,
|
|
and creates the directory if it does not already exist.
|
|
|
|
@cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired.
|
|
@kindex w @r{(Dired)}
|
|
@findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill
|
|
The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the
|
|
names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if
|
|
you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a space.
|
|
|
|
With a zero prefix argument, this uses the absolute file name of
|
|
each marked file. With just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses
|
|
file names relative to the Dired buffer's default directory. (This
|
|
can still contain slashes if in a subdirectory.) As a special case,
|
|
if point is on a directory headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the absolute
|
|
name of that directory. Any prefix argument or marked files are
|
|
ignored in this case.
|
|
|
|
The main purpose of this command is so that you can yank the file
|
|
names into arguments for other Emacs commands. It also displays what
|
|
it added to the kill ring, so you can use it to display the list of
|
|
currently marked files in the echo area.
|
|
|
|
@findex dired-compare-directories
|
|
The command @kbd{M-x dired-compare-directories} is used to compare
|
|
the current Dired buffer with another directory. It marks all the files
|
|
that are ``different'' between the two directories. It puts these marks
|
|
in all Dired buffers where these files are listed, which of course includes
|
|
the current buffer.
|
|
|
|
The default comparison method (used if you type @key{RET} at the
|
|
prompt) is to compare just the file names---each file name that does
|
|
not appear in the other directory is ``different.'' You can specify
|
|
more stringent comparisons by entering a Lisp expression, which can
|
|
refer to the variables @code{size1} and @code{size2}, the respective
|
|
file sizes; @code{mtime1} and @code{mtime2}, the last modification
|
|
times in seconds, as floating point numbers; and @code{fa1} and
|
|
@code{fa2}, the respective file attribute lists (as returned by the
|
|
function @code{file-attributes}). This expression is evaluated for
|
|
each pair of like-named files, and if the expression's value is
|
|
non-@code{nil}, those files are considered ``different.''
|
|
|
|
For instance, the sequence @code{M-x dired-compare-directories
|
|
@key{RET} (> mtime1 mtime2) @key{RET}} marks files newer in this
|
|
directory than in the other, and marks files older in the other
|
|
directory than in this one. It also marks files with no counterpart,
|
|
in both directories, as always.
|
|
|
|
@cindex drag and drop, Dired
|
|
On the X window system, Emacs supports the ``drag and drop''
|
|
protocol. You can drag a file object from another program, and drop
|
|
it onto a Dired buffer; this either moves, copies, or creates a link
|
|
to the file in that directory. Precisely which action is taken is
|
|
determined by the originating program. Dragging files out of a Dired
|
|
buffer is currently not supported.
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
arch-tag: d105f9b9-fc1b-4c5f-a949-9b2cf3ca2fc1
|
|
@end ignore
|