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856 lines
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856 lines
35 KiB
Plaintext
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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@c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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@node Basic, Minibuffer, Exiting, Top
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@chapter Basic Editing Commands
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@kindex C-h t
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@findex help-with-tutorial
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We now give the basics of how to enter text, make corrections, and
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save the text in a file. If this material is new to you, you might
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learn it more easily by running the Emacs learn-by-doing tutorial. To
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use the tutorial, run Emacs and type @kbd{Control-h t}
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(@code{help-with-tutorial}).
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To clear the screen and redisplay, type @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}).
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@menu
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* Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
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* Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
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change something.
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* Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
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* Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
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* Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files.
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* Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does.
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* Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
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* Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen.
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* Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
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* Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
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* Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command.
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@end menu
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@node Inserting Text
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@section Inserting Text
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@cindex insertion
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@cindex graphic characters
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To insert printing characters into the text you are editing, just type
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them. This inserts the characters you type into the buffer at the
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cursor (that is, at @dfn{point}; @pxref{Point}). The cursor moves
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forward, and any text after the cursor moves forward too. If the text
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in the buffer is @samp{FOOBAR}, with the cursor before the @samp{B},
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then if you type @kbd{XX}, you get @samp{FOOXXBAR}, with the cursor
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still before the @samp{B}.
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To @dfn{delete} text you have just inserted, use the large key
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labeled @key{DEL}, @key{BACKSPACE} or @key{DELETE} which is a short
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distance above the @key{RET} or @key{ENTER} key. This is the key you
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normally use, outside Emacs, for erasing the last character that you
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typed. Regardless of the label on that key, Emacs thinks of it as
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@key{DEL}, and that's what we call it in this manual.
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The @key{DEL} key deletes the character @emph{before} the cursor.
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As a consequence, the cursor and all the characters after it move
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backwards. If you type a printing character and then type @key{DEL},
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they cancel out.
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On most computers, Emacs recognizes automatically which key ought to
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be @key{DEL}, and sets it up that way. But in some cases, especially
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with text-only terminals, you will need to tell Emacs which key to use
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for that purpose. If the large key not far above the @key{RET} or
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@key{ENTER} key doesn't delete backwards, you need to do this.
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@xref{DEL Does Not Delete}, for an explanation of how.
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Most PC keyboards have both a @key{BACKSPACE} key a short ways above
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@key{RET} or @key{ENTER}, and a @key{DELETE} key elsewhere. On these
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keyboards, Emacs supports when possible the usual convention that the
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@key{BACKSPACE} key deletes backwards (it is @key{DEL}), while the
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@key{DELETE} key deletes ``forwards,'' deleting the character after
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point, the one underneath the cursor, like @kbd{C-d} (see below).
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@kindex RET
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@cindex newline
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To end a line and start typing a new one, type @key{RET}. This
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inserts a newline character in the buffer. If point is in the middle of
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a line, the effect is to split the line. Typing @key{DEL} when the cursor is
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at the beginning of a line deletes the preceding newline, thus joining
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the line with the preceding line.
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Emacs can split lines automatically when they become too long, if you
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turn on a special minor mode called @dfn{Auto Fill} mode.
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@xref{Filling}, for how to use Auto Fill mode.
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If you prefer to have text characters replace (overwrite) existing
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text rather than shove it to the right, you can enable Overwrite mode,
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a minor mode. @xref{Minor Modes}.
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@cindex quoting
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@kindex C-q
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@findex quoted-insert
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Direct insertion works for printing characters and @key{SPC}, but other
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characters act as editing commands and do not insert themselves. If you
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need to insert a control character or a character whose code is above 200
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octal, you must @dfn{quote} it by typing the character @kbd{Control-q}
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(@code{quoted-insert}) first. (This character's name is normally written
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@kbd{C-q} for short.) There are two ways to use @kbd{C-q}:@refill
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@itemize @bullet
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@item
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@kbd{C-q} followed by any non-graphic character (even @kbd{C-g})
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inserts that character.
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@item
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@kbd{C-q} followed by a sequence of octal digits inserts the character
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with the specified octal character code. You can use any number of
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octal digits; any non-digit terminates the sequence. If the
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terminating character is @key{RET}, it serves only to terminate the
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sequence. Any other non-digit terminates the sequence and then acts
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as normal input---thus, @kbd{C-q 1 0 1 B} inserts @samp{AB}.
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The use of octal sequences is disabled in ordinary non-binary
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Overwrite mode, to give you a convenient way to insert a digit instead
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of overwriting with it.
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@end itemize
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@cindex 8-bit character codes
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@noindent
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When multibyte characters are enabled, if you specify a code in the
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range 0200 through 0377 octal, @kbd{C-q} assumes that you intend to
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use some ISO 8859-@var{n} character set, and converts the specified
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code to the corresponding Emacs character code. @xref{Enabling
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Multibyte}. You select @emph{which} of the ISO 8859 character sets to
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use through your choice of language environment (@pxref{Language
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Environments}).
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@vindex read-quoted-char-radix
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To use decimal or hexadecimal instead of octal, set the variable
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@code{read-quoted-char-radix} to 10 or 16. If the radix is greater than
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10, some letters starting with @kbd{a} serve as part of a character
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code, just like digits.
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A numeric argument to @kbd{C-q} specifies how many copies of the
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quoted character should be inserted (@pxref{Arguments}).
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@findex newline
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@findex self-insert
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Customization information: @key{DEL} in most modes runs the command
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@code{delete-backward-char}; @key{RET} runs the command @code{newline}, and
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self-inserting printing characters run the command @code{self-insert},
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which inserts whatever character was typed to invoke it. Some major modes
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rebind @key{DEL} to other commands.
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@node Moving Point
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@section Changing the Location of Point
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@cindex arrow keys
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@cindex moving point
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@cindex movement
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@cindex cursor motion
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@cindex moving the cursor
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To do more than insert characters, you have to know how to move point
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(@pxref{Point}). The simplest way to do this is with arrow keys, or by
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clicking the left mouse button where you want to move to.
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There are also control and meta characters for cursor motion. Some
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are equivalent to the arrow keys (these date back to the days before
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terminals had arrow keys, and are usable on terminals which don't have
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them). Others do more sophisticated things.
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@kindex C-a
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@kindex C-e
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@kindex C-f
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@kindex C-b
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@kindex C-n
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@kindex C-p
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@kindex M->
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@kindex M-<
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@kindex M-r
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@kindex LEFT
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@kindex RIGHT
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@kindex UP
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@kindex DOWN
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@findex beginning-of-line
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@findex move-end-of-line
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@findex forward-char
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@findex backward-char
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@findex next-line
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@findex previous-line
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@findex beginning-of-buffer
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@findex end-of-buffer
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@findex goto-char
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@findex goto-line
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@findex move-to-window-line
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@table @kbd
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@item C-a
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Move to the beginning of the line (@code{beginning-of-line}).
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@item C-e
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Move to the end of the line (@code{move-end-of-line}).
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@item C-f
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Move forward one character (@code{forward-char}). The right-arrow key
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does the same thing.
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@item C-b
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Move backward one character (@code{backward-char}). The left-arrow
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key has the same effect.
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@item M-f
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Move forward one word (@code{forward-word}).
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@item M-b
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Move backward one word (@code{backward-word}).
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@item C-n
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Move down one line, vertically (@code{next-line}). This command
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attempts to keep the horizontal position unchanged, so if you start in
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the middle of one line, you end in the middle of the next. The
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down-arrow key does the same thing.
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@item C-p
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Move up one line, vertically (@code{previous-line}). The up-arrow key
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has the same effect.
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@item M-r
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Move point to left margin, vertically centered in the window
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(@code{move-to-window-line}). Text does not move on the screen.
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A numeric argument says which screen line to place point on. It counts
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screen lines down from the top of the window (zero for the top line). A
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negative argument counts lines from the bottom (@minus{}1 for the bottom
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line).
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@item M-<
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Move to the top of the buffer (@code{beginning-of-buffer}). With
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numeric argument @var{n}, move to @var{n}/10 of the way from the top.
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@xref{Arguments}, for more information on numeric arguments.@refill
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@item M->
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Move to the end of the buffer (@code{end-of-buffer}).
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@item C-v
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@itemx @key{PAGEDOWN}
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@itemx @key{PRIOR}
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Scroll the display one screen forward, and move point if necessary to
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put it on the screen (@code{scroll-up}). This doesn't always move
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point, but it is commonly used to do so. If your keyboard has a
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@key{PAGEDOWN} or @key{PRIOR} key, it does the same thing.
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Scrolling commands are further described in @ref{Scrolling}.
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@item M-v
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@itemx @key{PAGEUP}
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@itemx @key{NEXT}
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Scroll one screen backward, and move point if necessary to put it on
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the screen (@code{scroll-down}). This doesn't always move point, but
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it is commonly used to do so. If your keyboard has a @key{PAGEUP} or
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@key{NEXT} key, it does the same thing.
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@item M-x goto-char
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Read a number @var{n} and move point to buffer position @var{n}.
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Position 1 is the beginning of the buffer.
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@item M-g M-g
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@itemx M-x goto-line
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Read a number @var{n} and move point to line number @var{n}. Line 1
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is the beginning of the buffer.
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@item C-x C-n
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@findex set-goal-column
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@kindex C-x C-n
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Use the current column of point as the @dfn{semipermanent goal column} for
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@kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} (@code{set-goal-column}). Henceforth, those
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commands always move to this column in each line moved into, or as
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close as possible given the contents of the line. This goal column remains
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in effect until canceled.
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@item C-u C-x C-n
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Cancel the goal column. Henceforth, @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} once
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again try to stick to a fixed horizontal position, as usual.
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@end table
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@vindex track-eol
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If you set the variable @code{track-eol} to a non-@code{nil} value,
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then @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p}, when starting at the end of the line, move
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to the end of another line. Normally, @code{track-eol} is @code{nil}.
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@xref{Variables}, for how to set variables such as @code{track-eol}.
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@vindex next-line-add-newlines
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@kbd{C-n} normally stops at the end of the bufer when you use it on
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the last line of the buffer. But if you set the variable
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@code{next-line-add-newlines} to a non-@code{nil} value, @kbd{C-n} on
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the last line of a buffer creates an additional line at the end and
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moves down onto it.
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@node Erasing
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@section Erasing Text
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@table @kbd
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@item @key{DEL}
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Delete the character before point (@code{delete-backward-char}).
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@item C-d
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Delete the character after point (@code{delete-char}).
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@item @key{DELETE}
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@itemx @key{BACKSPACE}
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One of these keys, whichever is the large key above the @key{RET} or
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@key{ENTER} key, deletes the character before point, like @key{DEL}.
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If that is @key{BACKSPACE}, and your keyboard also has @key{DELETE},
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then @key{DELETE} deletes forwards, like @kbd{C-d}.
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@item C-k
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Kill to the end of the line (@code{kill-line}).
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@item M-d
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Kill forward to the end of the next word (@code{kill-word}).
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@item M-@key{DEL}
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Kill back to the beginning of the previous word
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(@code{backward-kill-word}).
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@end table
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@cindex killing characters and lines
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@cindex deleting characters and lines
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@cindex erasing characters and lines
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You already know about the @key{DEL} key which deletes the character
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before point (that is, before the cursor). Another key, @kbd{Control-d}
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(@kbd{C-d} for short), deletes the character after point (that is, the
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character that the cursor is on). This shifts the rest of the text on
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the line to the left. If you type @kbd{C-d} at the end of a line, it
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joins together that line and the next line.
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To erase a larger amount of text, use the @kbd{C-k} key, which kills a
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line at a time. If you type @kbd{C-k} at the beginning or middle of a
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line, it kills all the text up to the end of the line. If you type
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@kbd{C-k} at the end of a line, it joins that line and the next line.
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@xref{Killing}, for more flexible ways of killing text.
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@node Undo
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@section Undoing Changes
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@cindex undo
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@cindex changes, undoing
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You can undo all the recent changes in the buffer text, up to a
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certain point. Each buffer records changes individually, and the undo
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command always applies to the current buffer. Usually each editing
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command makes a separate entry in the undo records, but some commands
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such as @code{query-replace} make many entries, and very simple commands
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such as self-inserting characters are often grouped to make undoing less
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tedious.
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@table @kbd
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@item C-x u
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Undo one batch of changes---usually, one command worth (@code{undo}).
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@item C-_
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@itemx C-/
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The same.
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@item C-u C-x u
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Undo one batch of changes in the region.
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@end table
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@kindex C-x u
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@kindex C-_
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@kindex C-/
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@findex undo
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The command @kbd{C-x u} (or @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}) is how you undo.
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The first time you give this command, it undoes the last change.
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Point moves back to where it was before the command that made the
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change.
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Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-x u} undo earlier and
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earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information available.
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If all recorded changes have already been undone, the undo command
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displays an error message and does nothing.
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@findex undo-only
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Any command other than an undo command breaks the sequence of undo
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commands. Starting from that moment, the previous undo commands become
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ordinary changes that you can undo. Thus, to redo changes you have
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undone, type @kbd{C-f} or any other command that will harmlessly break
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the sequence of undoing, then type more undo commands. On the other
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hand, if you want to ignore previous undo commands, use @kbd{M-x
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undo-only}. This is like @code{undo}, but will not redo changes
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you have just undone.
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@cindex selective undo
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@kindex C-u C-x u
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Ordinary undo applies to all changes made in the current buffer. You
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can also perform @dfn{selective undo}, limited to the current region
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(@pxref{Mark}).
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To do this, specify the region you want, then run the @code{undo}
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command with a prefix argument (the value does not matter): @kbd{C-u C-x
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u} or @kbd{C-u C-_}. This undoes the most recent change in the region.
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To undo further changes in the same region, repeat the @code{undo}
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command (no prefix argument is needed). In Transient Mark mode
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(@pxref{Transient Mark}), any use of @code{undo} when there is an
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active region performs selective undo; you do not need a prefix
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argument.
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If you notice that a buffer has been modified accidentally, the
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easiest way to recover is to type @kbd{C-_} repeatedly until the stars
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disappear from the front of the mode line. At this time, all the
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modifications you made have been canceled. Whenever an undo command
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makes the stars disappear from the mode line, it means that the buffer
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contents are the same as they were when the file was last read in or
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saved.
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If you do not remember whether you changed the buffer deliberately,
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type @kbd{C-_} once. When you see the last change you made undone, you
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will see whether it was an intentional change. If it was an accident,
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leave it undone. If it was deliberate, redo the change as described
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above.
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Not all buffers record undo information. Buffers whose names start with
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spaces don't; these buffers are used internally by Emacs and its extensions
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to hold text that users don't normally look at or edit.
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You cannot undo mere cursor motion; only changes in the buffer
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contents save undo information. However, some cursor motion commands
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set the mark, so if you use these commands from time to time, you can
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move back to the neighborhoods you have moved through by popping the
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mark ring (@pxref{Mark Ring}).
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@vindex undo-limit
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@vindex undo-strong-limit
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@vindex undo-outer-limit
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@cindex undo limit
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When the undo information for a buffer becomes too large, Emacs
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discards the oldest undo information from time to time (during garbage
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collection). You can specify how much undo information to keep by
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setting three variables: @code{undo-limit}, @code{undo-strong-limit},
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and @code{undo-outer-limit}. Their values are expressed in units of
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bytes of space.
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The variable @code{undo-limit} sets a soft limit: Emacs keeps undo
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data for enough commands to reach this size, and perhaps exceed it,
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but does not keep data for any earlier commands beyond that. Its
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default value is 20000. The variable @code{undo-strong-limit} sets a
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stricter limit: a previous command (not the most recent one) which
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pushes the size past this amount is itself forgotten. The default
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value of @code{undo-strong-limit} is 30000.
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Regardless of the values of those variables, the most recent change
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is never discarded unless it gets bigger than @code{undo-outer-limit}
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(normally 3,000,000). At that point, Emacs discards the undo data and
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warns you about it. This is the only situation in which you cannot
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undo the last command. If this happens, you can increase the value of
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@code{undo-outer-limit} to make it even less likely to happen in the
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future. But if you didn't expect the command to create such large
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undo data, then it is probably a bug and you should report it.
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@xref{Bugs,, Reporting Bugs}.
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The reason the @code{undo} command has three key bindings, @kbd{C-x
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u}, @kbd{C-_} and @kbd{C-/}, is that it is worthy of a
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single-character key, but @kbd{C-x u} is more straightforward for
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beginners to type.
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@node Basic Files
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@section Files
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The commands described above are sufficient for creating and altering
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text in an Emacs buffer; the more advanced Emacs commands just make
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|
things easier. But to keep any text permanently you must put it in a
|
|
@dfn{file}. Files are named units of text which are stored by the
|
|
operating system for you to retrieve later by name. To look at or use
|
|
the contents of a file in any way, including editing the file with
|
|
Emacs, you must specify the file name.
|
|
|
|
Consider a file named @file{/usr/rms/foo.c}. In Emacs, to begin editing
|
|
this file, type
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
C-x C-f /usr/rms/foo.c @key{RET}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
Here the file name is given as an @dfn{argument} to the command @kbd{C-x
|
|
C-f} (@code{find-file}). That command uses the @dfn{minibuffer} to
|
|
read the argument, and you type @key{RET} to terminate the argument
|
|
(@pxref{Minibuffer}).@refill
|
|
|
|
Emacs obeys the command by @dfn{visiting} the file: creating a buffer,
|
|
copying the contents of the file into the buffer, and then displaying
|
|
the buffer for you to edit. If you alter the text, you can @dfn{save}
|
|
the new text in the file by typing @kbd{C-x C-s} (@code{save-buffer}).
|
|
This makes the changes permanent by copying the altered buffer contents
|
|
back into the file @file{/usr/rms/foo.c}. Until you save, the changes
|
|
exist only inside Emacs, and the file @file{foo.c} is unaltered.
|
|
|
|
To create a file, just visit the file with @kbd{C-x C-f} as if it
|
|
already existed. This creates an empty buffer in which you can insert
|
|
the text you want to put in the file. The file is actually created when
|
|
you save this buffer with @kbd{C-x C-s}.
|
|
|
|
Of course, there is a lot more to learn about using files. @xref{Files}.
|
|
|
|
@node Basic Help
|
|
@section Help
|
|
|
|
@cindex getting help with keys
|
|
If you forget what a key does, you can find out with the Help
|
|
character, which is @kbd{C-h} (or @key{F1}, which is an alias for
|
|
@kbd{C-h}). Type @kbd{C-h k} followed by the key you want to know
|
|
about; for example, @kbd{C-h k C-n} tells you all about what @kbd{C-n}
|
|
does. @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key; @kbd{C-h k} is just one of its
|
|
subcommands (the command @code{describe-key}). The other subcommands of
|
|
@kbd{C-h} provide different kinds of help. Type @kbd{C-h} twice to get
|
|
a description of all the help facilities. @xref{Help}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@node Blank Lines
|
|
@section Blank Lines
|
|
|
|
@cindex inserting blank lines
|
|
@cindex deleting blank lines
|
|
Here are special commands and techniques for putting in and taking out
|
|
blank lines.
|
|
|
|
@table @kbd
|
|
@item C-o
|
|
Insert one or more blank lines after the cursor (@code{open-line}).
|
|
@item C-x C-o
|
|
Delete all but one of many consecutive blank lines
|
|
(@code{delete-blank-lines}).
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@kindex C-o
|
|
@kindex C-x C-o
|
|
@cindex blank lines
|
|
@findex open-line
|
|
@findex delete-blank-lines
|
|
When you want to insert a new line of text before an existing line, you
|
|
can do it by typing the new line of text, followed by @key{RET}.
|
|
However, it may be easier to see what you are doing if you first make a
|
|
blank line and then insert the desired text into it. This is easy to do
|
|
using the key @kbd{C-o} (@code{open-line}), which inserts a newline
|
|
after point but leaves point in front of the newline. After @kbd{C-o},
|
|
type the text for the new line. @kbd{C-o F O O} has the same effect as
|
|
@w{@kbd{F O O @key{RET}}}, except for the final location of point.
|
|
|
|
You can make several blank lines by typing @kbd{C-o} several times, or
|
|
by giving it a numeric argument to tell it how many blank lines to make.
|
|
@xref{Arguments}, for how. If you have a fill prefix, then @kbd{C-o}
|
|
command inserts the fill prefix on the new line, when you use it at the
|
|
beginning of a line. @xref{Fill Prefix}.
|
|
|
|
The easy way to get rid of extra blank lines is with the command
|
|
@kbd{C-x C-o} (@code{delete-blank-lines}). @kbd{C-x C-o} in a run of
|
|
several blank lines deletes all but one of them. @kbd{C-x C-o} on a
|
|
solitary blank line deletes that blank line. When point is on a
|
|
nonblank line, @kbd{C-x C-o} deletes any blank lines following that
|
|
nonblank line.
|
|
|
|
@node Continuation Lines
|
|
@section Continuation Lines
|
|
|
|
@cindex continuation line
|
|
@cindex wrapping
|
|
@cindex line wrapping
|
|
@cindex fringes, and continuation lines
|
|
If you add too many characters to one line without breaking it with
|
|
@key{RET}, the line grows to occupy two (or more) lines on the screen.
|
|
On graphical displays, Emacs indicates line wrapping with small bent
|
|
arrows in the fringes to the left and right of the window. On
|
|
text-only terminals, Emacs displays a @samp{\} character at the right
|
|
margin of a screen line if it is not the last in its text line. This
|
|
@samp{\} character says that the following screen line is not really a
|
|
distinct line in the text, just a @dfn{continuation} of a line too
|
|
long to fit the screen. Continuation is also called @dfn{line
|
|
wrapping}.
|
|
|
|
When line wrapping occurs before a character that is wider than one
|
|
column, some columns at the end of the previous screen line may be
|
|
``empty.'' In this case, Emacs displays additional @samp{\}
|
|
characters in the ``empty'' columns, just before the @samp{\}
|
|
character that indicates continuation.
|
|
|
|
Sometimes it is nice to have Emacs insert newlines automatically when
|
|
a line gets too long. Continuation on the screen does not do that. Use
|
|
Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Filling}) if that's what you want.
|
|
|
|
@cindex truncation
|
|
@cindex line truncation, and fringes
|
|
As an alternative to continuation, Emacs can display long lines by
|
|
@dfn{truncation}. This means that all the characters that do not fit
|
|
in the width of the screen or window do not appear at all. @samp{$}
|
|
in the last column or a small straight arrow in the fringe to the
|
|
right of the window indicates a truncated line.
|
|
|
|
@xref{Display Custom}, for more information about line truncation,
|
|
and other variables that affect how text is displayed.
|
|
|
|
@node Position Info
|
|
@section Cursor Position Information
|
|
|
|
Here are commands to get information about the size and position of
|
|
parts of the buffer, and to count lines.
|
|
|
|
@table @kbd
|
|
@item M-x what-page
|
|
Display the page number of point, and the line number within the page.
|
|
@item M-x what-line
|
|
Display the line number of point in the buffer.
|
|
@item M-x line-number-mode
|
|
@itemx M-x column-number-mode
|
|
Toggle automatic display of current line number or column number.
|
|
@xref{Optional Mode Line}.
|
|
@item M-=
|
|
Display the number of lines in the current region (@code{count-lines-region}).
|
|
@xref{Mark}, for information about the region.
|
|
@item C-x =
|
|
Display the character code of character after point, character position of
|
|
point, and column of point (@code{what-cursor-position}).
|
|
@item M-x hl-line-mode
|
|
Enable or disable highlighting of the current line. @xref{Cursor
|
|
Display}.
|
|
@item M-x size-indication-mode
|
|
Toggle automatic display of the size of the buffer.
|
|
@xref{Optional Mode Line}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@findex what-page
|
|
@findex what-line
|
|
@cindex line number commands
|
|
@cindex location of point
|
|
@cindex cursor location
|
|
@cindex point location
|
|
There are two commands for working with line numbers. @kbd{M-x
|
|
what-line} computes the current line number and displays it in the
|
|
echo area. To go to a given line by number, use @kbd{M-g M-g} or
|
|
@kbd{M-g g} (@code{goto-line}). This prompts you for a line number,
|
|
then moves point to the beginning of that line. To move to a given
|
|
line in the most recently displayed other buffer, use @kbd{C-u M-g
|
|
M-g}. Line numbers in Emacs count from one at the beginning of the buffer.
|
|
|
|
You can also see the current line number in the mode line; see @ref{Mode
|
|
Line}. If you narrow the buffer, then the line number in the mode line
|
|
is relative to the accessible portion (@pxref{Narrowing}). By contrast,
|
|
@code{what-line} shows both the line number relative to the narrowed
|
|
region and the line number relative to the whole buffer.
|
|
|
|
@kbd{M-x what-page} counts pages from the beginning of the file, and
|
|
counts lines within the page, showing both numbers in the echo area.
|
|
@xref{Pages}.
|
|
|
|
@kindex M-=
|
|
@findex count-lines-region
|
|
While on this subject, we might as well mention @kbd{M-=} (@code{count-lines-region}),
|
|
which displays the number of lines in the region (@pxref{Mark}).
|
|
@xref{Pages}, for the command @kbd{C-x l} which counts the lines in the
|
|
current page.
|
|
|
|
@kindex C-x =
|
|
@findex what-cursor-position
|
|
The command @kbd{C-x =} (@code{what-cursor-position}) shows what
|
|
column the cursor is in, and other miscellaneous information about
|
|
point and the character after it. It displays a line in the echo area
|
|
that looks like this:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
Char: c (0143, 99, 0x63) point=21044 of 26883(78%) column 53
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
(In fact, this is the output produced when point is before the
|
|
@samp{column} in the example.)
|
|
|
|
The four values after @samp{Char:} describe the character that follows
|
|
point, first by showing it and then by giving its character code in
|
|
octal, decimal and hex. For a non-@acronym{ASCII} multibyte character, these are
|
|
followed by @samp{ext} and the character's representation, in hex, in
|
|
the buffer's coding system, if that coding system encodes the character
|
|
safely and with a single byte (@pxref{Coding Systems}). If the
|
|
character's encoding is longer than one byte, Emacs shows @samp{ext ...}.
|
|
|
|
@samp{point=} is followed by the position of point expressed as a character
|
|
count. The front of the buffer counts as position 1, one character later
|
|
as 2, and so on. The next, larger, number is the total number of characters
|
|
in the buffer. Afterward in parentheses comes the position expressed as a
|
|
percentage of the total size.
|
|
|
|
@samp{column} is followed by the horizontal position of point, in
|
|
columns from the left edge of the window.
|
|
|
|
If the buffer has been narrowed, making some of the text at the
|
|
beginning and the end temporarily inaccessible, @kbd{C-x =} displays
|
|
additional text describing the currently accessible range. For example, it
|
|
might display this:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
Char: C (0103, 67, 0x43) point=252 of 889(28%) <231 - 599> column 0
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
where the two extra numbers give the smallest and largest character
|
|
position that point is allowed to assume. The characters between those
|
|
two positions are the accessible ones. @xref{Narrowing}.
|
|
|
|
If point is at the end of the buffer (or the end of the accessible
|
|
part), the @w{@kbd{C-x =}} output does not describe a character after
|
|
point. The output might look like this:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
point=26957 of 26956(100%) column 0
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@cindex character set of character at point
|
|
@cindex font of character at point
|
|
@cindex text properties at point
|
|
@w{@kbd{C-u C-x =}} displays these additional information about a
|
|
character.
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
The character set name, and the codes that identify the character
|
|
within that character set; @acronym{ASCII} characters are identified
|
|
as belonging to the @code{ascii} character set.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The character's syntax and categories.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The character's encodings, both internally in the buffer, and externally
|
|
if you were to save the file.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
What to type to input the character in the current input method
|
|
(if it supports the character).
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
If you are running Emacs on a window system, the font name and glyph
|
|
code for the character. If you are running Emacs on a terminal, the
|
|
code(s) sent to the terminal.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The character's text properties (@pxref{Text Properties,,,
|
|
elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}), and any overlays containing it
|
|
(@pxref{Overlays,,, elisp, the same manual}).
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
Here's an example showing the Latin-1 character A with grave accent,
|
|
in a buffer whose coding system is @code{iso-latin-1}, whose
|
|
terminal coding system is @code{iso-latin-1} (so the terminal actually
|
|
displays the character as @samp{@`A}), and which has font-lock-mode
|
|
(@pxref{Font Lock}) enabled:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
character: @`A (04300, 2240, 0x8c0, U+00C0)
|
|
charset: latin-iso8859-1
|
|
(Right-Hand Part of Latin Alphabet 1@dots{}
|
|
code point: 64
|
|
syntax: w which means: word
|
|
category: l:Latin
|
|
to input: type "`A"
|
|
buffer code: 0x81 0xC0
|
|
file code: ESC 2C 41 40 (encoded by coding system iso-2022-7bit)
|
|
display: terminal code 0xC0
|
|
|
|
There are text properties here:
|
|
fontified t
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@node Arguments
|
|
@section Numeric Arguments
|
|
@cindex numeric arguments
|
|
@cindex prefix arguments
|
|
@cindex arguments to commands
|
|
|
|
In mathematics and computer usage, the word @dfn{argument} means
|
|
``data provided to a function or operation.'' You can give any Emacs
|
|
command a @dfn{numeric argument} (also called a @dfn{prefix argument}).
|
|
Some commands interpret the argument as a repetition count. For
|
|
example, @kbd{C-f} with an argument of ten moves forward ten characters
|
|
instead of one. With these commands, no argument is equivalent to an
|
|
argument of one. Negative arguments tell most such commands to move or
|
|
act in the opposite direction.
|
|
|
|
@kindex M-1
|
|
@kindex M-@t{-}
|
|
@findex digit-argument
|
|
@findex negative-argument
|
|
If your terminal keyboard has a @key{META} key (labeled @key{ALT} on
|
|
PC keyboards), the easiest way to specify a numeric argument is to
|
|
type digits and/or a minus sign while holding down the @key{META} key.
|
|
For example,
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
M-5 C-n
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
would move down five lines. The characters @kbd{Meta-1}, @kbd{Meta-2},
|
|
and so on, as well as @kbd{Meta--}, do this because they are keys bound
|
|
to commands (@code{digit-argument} and @code{negative-argument}) that
|
|
are defined to contribute to an argument for the next command.
|
|
@kbd{Meta--} without digits normally means @minus{}1. Digits and
|
|
@kbd{-} modified with Control, or Control and Meta, also specify numeric
|
|
arguments.
|
|
|
|
@kindex C-u
|
|
@findex universal-argument
|
|
Another way of specifying an argument is to use the @kbd{C-u}
|
|
(@code{universal-argument}) command followed by the digits of the
|
|
argument. With @kbd{C-u}, you can type the argument digits without
|
|
holding down modifier keys; @kbd{C-u} works on all terminals. To type a
|
|
negative argument, type a minus sign after @kbd{C-u}. Just a minus sign
|
|
without digits normally means @minus{}1.
|
|
|
|
@kbd{C-u} followed by a character which is neither a digit nor a minus
|
|
sign has the special meaning of ``multiply by four.'' It multiplies the
|
|
argument for the next command by four. @kbd{C-u} twice multiplies it by
|
|
sixteen. Thus, @kbd{C-u C-u C-f} moves forward sixteen characters. This
|
|
is a good way to move forward ``fast,'' since it moves about 1/5 of a line
|
|
in the usual size screen. Other useful combinations are @kbd{C-u C-n},
|
|
@kbd{C-u C-u C-n} (move down a good fraction of a screen), @kbd{C-u C-u
|
|
C-o} (make ``a lot'' of blank lines), and @kbd{C-u C-k} (kill four
|
|
lines).@refill
|
|
|
|
Some commands care only about whether there is an argument, and not about
|
|
its value. For example, the command @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) with
|
|
no argument fills text; with an argument, it justifies the text as well.
|
|
(@xref{Filling}, for more information on @kbd{M-q}.) Plain @kbd{C-u} is a
|
|
handy way of providing an argument for such commands.
|
|
|
|
Some commands use the value of the argument as a repeat count, but do
|
|
something peculiar when there is no argument. For example, the command
|
|
@kbd{C-k} (@code{kill-line}) with argument @var{n} kills @var{n} lines,
|
|
including their terminating newlines. But @kbd{C-k} with no argument is
|
|
special: it kills the text up to the next newline, or, if point is right at
|
|
the end of the line, it kills the newline itself. Thus, two @kbd{C-k}
|
|
commands with no arguments can kill a nonblank line, just like @kbd{C-k}
|
|
with an argument of one. (@xref{Killing}, for more information on
|
|
@kbd{C-k}.)@refill
|
|
|
|
A few commands treat a plain @kbd{C-u} differently from an ordinary
|
|
argument. A few others may treat an argument of just a minus sign
|
|
differently from an argument of @minus{}1. These unusual cases are
|
|
described when they come up; they are always for reasons of
|
|
convenience of use of the individual command, and they are documented
|
|
in the command's documentation string.
|
|
|
|
You can use a numeric argument to insert multiple copies of a
|
|
character. This is straightforward unless the character is a digit; for
|
|
example, @kbd{C-u 6 4 a} inserts 64 copies of the character @samp{a}.
|
|
But this does not work for inserting digits; @kbd{C-u 6 4 1} specifies
|
|
an argument of 641, rather than inserting anything. To separate the
|
|
digit to insert from the argument, type another @kbd{C-u}; for example,
|
|
@kbd{C-u 6 4 C-u 1} does insert 64 copies of the character @samp{1}.
|
|
|
|
We use the term ``prefix argument'' as well as ``numeric argument'' to
|
|
emphasize that you type the argument before the command, and to
|
|
distinguish these arguments from minibuffer arguments that come after
|
|
the command.
|
|
|
|
@node Repeating
|
|
@section Repeating a Command
|
|
@cindex repeating a command
|
|
|
|
Many simple commands, such as those invoked with a single key or
|
|
with @kbd{M-x @var{command-name} @key{RET}}, can be repeated by
|
|
invoking them with a numeric argument that serves as a repeat count
|
|
(@pxref{Arguments}). However, if the command you want to repeat
|
|
prompts for some input, or uses a numeric argument in another way,
|
|
repetition using a numeric argument might be problematical.
|
|
|
|
@kindex C-x z
|
|
@findex repeat
|
|
The command @kbd{C-x z} (@code{repeat}) provides another way to repeat
|
|
an Emacs command many times. This command repeats the previous Emacs
|
|
command, whatever that was. Repeating a command uses the same arguments
|
|
that were used before; it does not read new arguments each time.
|
|
|
|
To repeat the command more than once, type additional @kbd{z}'s: each
|
|
@kbd{z} repeats the command one more time. Repetition ends when you
|
|
type a character other than @kbd{z}, or press a mouse button.
|
|
|
|
For example, suppose you type @kbd{C-u 2 0 C-d} to delete 20
|
|
characters. You can repeat that command (including its argument) three
|
|
additional times, to delete a total of 80 characters, by typing @kbd{C-x
|
|
z z z}. The first @kbd{C-x z} repeats the command once, and each
|
|
subsequent @kbd{z} repeats it once again.
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
arch-tag: cda8952a-c439-41c1-aecf-4bc0d6482956
|
|
@end ignore
|