emacs/doc/lispref/minibuf.texi

@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1990-1995, 1998-1999, 2001-2014 Free Software
@c Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
@node Minibuffers
@chapter Minibuffers
@cindex arguments, reading
@cindex complex arguments
@cindex minibuffer

  A @dfn{minibuffer} is a special buffer that Emacs commands use to
read arguments more complicated than the single numeric prefix
argument.  These arguments include file names, buffer names, and
command names (as in @kbd{M-x}).  The minibuffer is displayed on the
bottom line of the frame, in the same place as the echo area
(@pxref{The Echo Area}), but only while it is in use for reading an
argument.

@menu
* Intro to Minibuffers::      Basic information about minibuffers.
* Text from Minibuffer::      How to read a straight text string.
* Object from Minibuffer::    How to read a Lisp object or expression.
* Minibuffer History::        Recording previous minibuffer inputs
                                so the user can reuse them.
* Initial Input::             Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer.
* Completion::                How to invoke and customize completion.
* Yes-or-No Queries::         Asking a question with a simple answer.
* Multiple Queries::          Asking a series of similar questions.
* Reading a Password::        Reading a password from the terminal.
* Minibuffer Commands::       Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers.
* Minibuffer Windows::        Operating on the special minibuffer windows.
* Minibuffer Contents::       How such commands access the minibuffer text.
* Recursive Mini::            Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed.
* Minibuffer Misc::           Various customization hooks and variables.
@end menu

@node Intro to Minibuffers
@section Introduction to Minibuffers

  In most ways, a minibuffer is a normal Emacs buffer.  Most operations
@emph{within} a buffer, such as editing commands, work normally in a
minibuffer.  However, many operations for managing buffers do not apply
to minibuffers.  The name of a minibuffer always has the form @w{@samp{
*Minibuf-@var{number}*}}, and it cannot be changed.  Minibuffers are
displayed only in special windows used only for minibuffers; these
windows always appear at the bottom of a frame.  (Sometimes frames have
no minibuffer window, and sometimes a special kind of frame contains
nothing but a minibuffer window; see @ref{Minibuffers and Frames}.)

  The text in the minibuffer always starts with the @dfn{prompt string},
the text that was specified by the program that is using the minibuffer
to tell the user what sort of input to type.  This text is marked
read-only so you won't accidentally delete or change it.  It is also
marked as a field (@pxref{Fields}), so that certain motion functions,
including @code{beginning-of-line}, @code{forward-word},
@code{forward-sentence}, and @code{forward-paragraph}, stop at the
boundary between the prompt and the actual text.

@c See http://debbugs.gnu.org/11276
  The minibuffer's window is normally a single line; it grows
automatically if the contents require more space.  Whilst it is
active, you can explicitly resize it temporarily with the window
sizing commands; it reverts to its normal size when the minibuffer is
exited.  When the minibuffer is not active, you can resize it
permanently by using the window sizing commands in the frame's other
window, or dragging the mode line with the mouse.  (Due to details of
the current implementation, for this to work @code{resize-mini-windows}
must be @code{nil}.)  If the frame contains just a minibuffer, you can
change the minibuffer's size by changing the frame's size.

  Use of the minibuffer reads input events, and that alters the values
of variables such as @code{this-command} and @code{last-command}
(@pxref{Command Loop Info}).  Your program should bind them around the
code that uses the minibuffer, if you do not want that to change them.

  Under some circumstances, a command can use a minibuffer even if
there is an active minibuffer; such a minibuffer is called a
@dfn{recursive minibuffer}.  The first minibuffer is named
@w{@samp{ *Minibuf-1*}}.  Recursive minibuffers are named by
incrementing the number at the end of the name.  (The names begin with
a space so that they won't show up in normal buffer lists.)  Of
several recursive minibuffers, the innermost (or most recently
entered) is the active minibuffer.  We usually call this ``the''
minibuffer.  You can permit or forbid recursive minibuffers by setting
the variable @code{enable-recursive-minibuffers}, or by putting
properties of that name on command symbols (@xref{Recursive Mini}.)

  Like other buffers, a minibuffer uses a local keymap
(@pxref{Keymaps}) to specify special key bindings.  The function that
invokes the minibuffer also sets up its local map according to the job
to be done.  @xref{Text from Minibuffer}, for the non-completion
minibuffer local maps.  @xref{Completion Commands}, for the minibuffer
local maps for completion.

@cindex inactive minibuffer
  When a minibuffer is inactive, its major mode is
@code{minibuffer-inactive-mode}, with keymap
@code{minibuffer-inactive-mode-map}.  This is only really useful if
the minibuffer is in a separate frame.  @xref{Minibuffers and Frames}.

  When Emacs is running in batch mode, any request to read from the
minibuffer actually reads a line from the standard input descriptor that
was supplied when Emacs was started.  This supports only basic input:
none of the special minibuffer features (history, completion,
password hiding, etc.) are available in batch mode.

@node Text from Minibuffer
@section Reading Text Strings with the Minibuffer

  The most basic primitive for minibuffer input is
@code{read-from-minibuffer}, which can be used to read either a string
or a Lisp object in textual form.  The function @code{read-regexp} is
used for reading regular expressions (@pxref{Regular Expressions}),
which are a special kind of string.  There are also specialized
functions for reading commands, variables, file names, etc.@:
(@pxref{Completion}).

  In most cases, you should not call minibuffer input functions in the
middle of a Lisp function.  Instead, do all minibuffer input as part of
reading the arguments for a command, in the @code{interactive}
specification.  @xref{Defining Commands}.

@defun read-from-minibuffer prompt &optional initial keymap read history default inherit-input-method
This function is the most general way to get input from the
minibuffer.  By default, it accepts arbitrary text and returns it as a
string; however, if @var{read} is non-@code{nil}, then it uses
@code{read} to convert the text into a Lisp object (@pxref{Input
Functions}).

The first thing this function does is to activate a minibuffer and
display it with @var{prompt} (which must be a string) as the
prompt.  Then the user can edit text in the minibuffer.

When the user types a command to exit the minibuffer,
@code{read-from-minibuffer} constructs the return value from the text in
the minibuffer.  Normally it returns a string containing that text.
However, if @var{read} is non-@code{nil}, @code{read-from-minibuffer}
reads the text and returns the resulting Lisp object, unevaluated.
(@xref{Input Functions}, for information about reading.)

The argument @var{default} specifies default values to make available
through the history commands.  It should be a string, a list of
strings, or @code{nil}.  The string or strings become the minibuffer's
``future history'', available to the user with @kbd{M-n}.

If @var{read} is non-@code{nil}, then @var{default} is also used
as the input to @code{read}, if the user enters empty input.
If @var{default} is a list of strings, the first string is used as the input.
If @var{default} is @code{nil}, empty input results in an @code{end-of-file} error.
However, in the usual case (where @var{read} is @code{nil}),
@code{read-from-minibuffer} ignores @var{default} when the user enters
empty input and returns an empty string, @code{""}.  In this respect,
it differs from all the other minibuffer input functions in this chapter.

If @var{keymap} is non-@code{nil}, that keymap is the local keymap to
use in the minibuffer.  If @var{keymap} is omitted or @code{nil}, the
value of @code{minibuffer-local-map} is used as the keymap.  Specifying
a keymap is the most important way to customize the minibuffer for
various applications such as completion.

The argument @var{history} specifies a history list variable to use
for saving the input and for history commands used in the minibuffer.
It defaults to @code{minibuffer-history}.  You can optionally specify
a starting position in the history list as well.  @xref{Minibuffer History}.

If the variable @code{minibuffer-allow-text-properties} is
non-@code{nil}, then the string that is returned includes whatever text
properties were present in the minibuffer.  Otherwise all the text
properties are stripped when the value is returned.

If the argument @var{inherit-input-method} is non-@code{nil}, then the
minibuffer inherits the current input method (@pxref{Input Methods}) and
the setting of @code{enable-multibyte-characters} (@pxref{Text
Representations}) from whichever buffer was current before entering the
minibuffer.

Use of @var{initial} is mostly deprecated; we recommend using
a non-@code{nil} value only in conjunction with specifying a cons cell
for @var{history}.  @xref{Initial Input}.
@end defun

@defun read-string prompt &optional initial history default inherit-input-method
This function reads a string from the minibuffer and returns it.  The
arguments @var{prompt}, @var{initial}, @var{history} and
@var{inherit-input-method} are used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}.
The keymap used is @code{minibuffer-local-map}.

The optional argument @var{default} is used as in
@code{read-from-minibuffer}, except that, if non-@code{nil}, it also
specifies a default value to return if the user enters null input.  As
in @code{read-from-minibuffer} it should be a string, a list of
strings, or @code{nil}, which is equivalent to an empty string.  When
@var{default} is a string, that string is the default value.  When it
is a list of strings, the first string is the default value.  (All
these strings are available to the user in the ``future minibuffer
history''.)

This function works by calling the
@code{read-from-minibuffer} function:

@smallexample
@group
(read-string @var{prompt} @var{initial} @var{history} @var{default} @var{inherit})
@equiv{}
(let ((value
       (read-from-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial} nil nil
                             @var{history} @var{default} @var{inherit})))
  (if (and (equal value "") @var{default})
      (if (consp @var{default}) (car @var{default}) @var{default})
    value))
@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun read-regexp prompt &optional defaults history
This function reads a regular expression as a string from the
minibuffer and returns it.  If the minibuffer prompt string
@var{prompt} does not end in @samp{:} (followed by optional
whitespace), the function adds @samp{: } to the end, preceded by the
default return value (see below), if that is non-empty.

The optional argument @var{defaults} controls the default value to
return if the user enters null input, and should be one of: a string;
@code{nil}, which is equivalent to an empty string; a list of strings;
or a symbol.

If @var{defaults} is a symbol, @code{read-regexp} consults the value
of the variable @code{read-regexp-defaults-function} (see below), and
if that is non-@code{nil} uses it in preference to @var{defaults}.
The value in this case should be either:

@itemize @minus
@item
@code{regexp-history-last}, which means to use the first element of
the appropriate minibuffer history list (see below).

@item
A function of no arguments, whose return value (which should be
@code{nil}, a string, or a list of strings) becomes the value of
@var{defaults}.
@end itemize

@code{read-regexp} now ensures that the result of processing
@var{defaults} is a list (i.e., if the value is @code{nil} or a
string, it converts it to a list of one element).  To this list,
@code{read-regexp} then appends a few potentially useful candidates for
input.  These are:

@itemize @minus
@item
The word or symbol at point.
@item
The last regexp used in an incremental search.
@item
The last string used in an incremental search.
@item
The last string or pattern used in query-replace commands.
@end itemize

The function now has a list of regular expressions that it passes to
@code{read-from-minibuffer} to obtain the user's input.  The first
element of the list is the default result in case of empty input.  All
elements of the list are available to the user as the ``future
minibuffer history list'' (@pxref{Minibuffer History, future list,,
emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).

The optional argument @var{history}, if non-@code{nil}, is a symbol
specifying a minibuffer history list to use (@pxref{Minibuffer
History}).  If it is omitted or @code{nil}, the history list defaults
to @code{regexp-history}.
@end defun

@defvar read-regexp-defaults-function
The function @code{read-regexp} may use the value of this variable to
determine its list of default regular expressions.  If non-@code{nil},
the value of this variable should be either:

@itemize @minus
@item
The symbol @code{regexp-history-last}.

@item
A function of no arguments that returns either @code{nil}, a string,
or a list of strings.
@end itemize

@noindent
See @code{read-regexp} above for details of how these values are used.
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-allow-text-properties
If this variable is @code{nil}, then @code{read-from-minibuffer}
and @code{read-string} strip all text properties from the minibuffer
input before returning it.  However,
@code{read-no-blanks-input} (see below), as well as
@code{read-minibuffer} and related functions (@pxref{Object from
Minibuffer,, Reading Lisp Objects With the Minibuffer}), and all
functions that do minibuffer input with completion, discard text
properties unconditionally, regardless of the value of this variable.
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-local-map
This
@anchor{Definition of minibuffer-local-map}
@c avoid page break at anchor; work around Texinfo deficiency
is the default local keymap for reading from the minibuffer.  By
default, it makes the following bindings:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-j}
@code{exit-minibuffer}

@item @key{RET}
@code{exit-minibuffer}

@item @kbd{C-g}
@code{abort-recursive-edit}

@item @kbd{M-n}
@itemx @key{DOWN}
@code{next-history-element}

@item @kbd{M-p}
@itemx @key{UP}
@code{previous-history-element}

@item @kbd{M-s}
@code{next-matching-history-element}

@item @kbd{M-r}
@code{previous-matching-history-element}

@ignore
@c Does not seem worth/appropriate mentioning.
@item @kbd{C-@key{TAB}}
@code{file-cache-minibuffer-complete}
@end ignore
@end table
@end defvar

@c In version 18, initial is required
@c Emacs 19 feature
@defun read-no-blanks-input prompt &optional initial inherit-input-method
This function reads a string from the minibuffer, but does not allow
whitespace characters as part of the input: instead, those characters
terminate the input.  The arguments @var{prompt}, @var{initial}, and
@var{inherit-input-method} are used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}.

This is a simplified interface to the @code{read-from-minibuffer}
function, and passes the value of the @code{minibuffer-local-ns-map}
keymap as the @var{keymap} argument for that function.  Since the keymap
@code{minibuffer-local-ns-map} does not rebind @kbd{C-q}, it @emph{is}
possible to put a space into the string, by quoting it.

This function discards text properties, regardless of the value of
@code{minibuffer-allow-text-properties}.

@smallexample
@group
(read-no-blanks-input @var{prompt} @var{initial})
@equiv{}
(let (minibuffer-allow-text-properties)
  (read-from-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial} minibuffer-local-ns-map))
@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@c Slightly unfortunate name, suggesting it might be related to the
@c Nextstep port...
@defvar minibuffer-local-ns-map
This built-in variable is the keymap used as the minibuffer local keymap
in the function @code{read-no-blanks-input}.  By default, it makes the
following bindings, in addition to those of @code{minibuffer-local-map}:

@table @asis
@item @key{SPC}
@cindex @key{SPC} in minibuffer
@code{exit-minibuffer}

@item @key{TAB}
@cindex @key{TAB} in minibuffer
@code{exit-minibuffer}

@item @kbd{?}
@cindex @kbd{?} in minibuffer
@code{self-insert-and-exit}
@end table
@end defvar

@node Object from Minibuffer
@section Reading Lisp Objects with the Minibuffer

  This section describes functions for reading Lisp objects with the
minibuffer.

@defun read-minibuffer prompt &optional initial
This function reads a Lisp object using the minibuffer, and returns it
without evaluating it.  The arguments @var{prompt} and @var{initial} are
used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}.

This is a simplified interface to the
@code{read-from-minibuffer} function:

@smallexample
@group
(read-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial})
@equiv{}
(let (minibuffer-allow-text-properties)
  (read-from-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial} nil t))
@end group
@end smallexample

Here is an example in which we supply the string @code{"(testing)"} as
initial input:

@smallexample
@group
(read-minibuffer
 "Enter an expression: " (format "%s" '(testing)))

;; @r{Here is how the minibuffer is displayed:}
@end group

@group
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
Enter an expression: (testing)@point{}
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
The user can type @key{RET} immediately to use the initial input as a
default, or can edit the input.
@end defun

@defun eval-minibuffer prompt &optional initial
This function reads a Lisp expression using the minibuffer, evaluates
it, then returns the result.  The arguments @var{prompt} and
@var{initial} are used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}.

This function simply evaluates the result of a call to
@code{read-minibuffer}:

@smallexample
@group
(eval-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial})
@equiv{}
(eval (read-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial}))
@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun edit-and-eval-command prompt form
This function reads a Lisp expression in the minibuffer, evaluates it,
then returns the result.  The difference between this command and
@code{eval-minibuffer} is that here the initial @var{form} is not
optional and it is treated as a Lisp object to be converted to printed
representation rather than as a string of text.  It is printed with
@code{prin1}, so if it is a string, double-quote characters (@samp{"})
appear in the initial text.  @xref{Output Functions}.

In the following example, we offer the user an expression with initial
text that is already a valid form:

@smallexample
@group
(edit-and-eval-command "Please edit: " '(forward-word 1))

;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,}
;;   @r{the following appears in the minibuffer:}
@end group

@group
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
Please edit: (forward-word 1)@point{}
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
Typing @key{RET} right away would exit the minibuffer and evaluate the
expression, thus moving point forward one word.
@end defun

@node Minibuffer History
@section Minibuffer History
@cindex minibuffer history
@cindex history list

  A @dfn{minibuffer history list} records previous minibuffer inputs
so the user can reuse them conveniently.  It is a variable whose value
is a list of strings (previous inputs), most recent first.

  There are many separate minibuffer history lists, used for different
kinds of inputs.  It's the Lisp programmer's job to specify the right
history list for each use of the minibuffer.

  You specify a minibuffer history list with the optional @var{history}
argument to @code{read-from-minibuffer} or @code{completing-read}.
Here are the possible values for it:

@table @asis
@item @var{variable}
Use @var{variable} (a symbol) as the history list.

@item (@var{variable} . @var{startpos})
Use @var{variable} (a symbol) as the history list, and assume that the
initial history position is @var{startpos} (a nonnegative integer).

Specifying 0 for @var{startpos} is equivalent to just specifying the
symbol @var{variable}.  @code{previous-history-element} will display
the most recent element of the history list in the minibuffer.  If you
specify a positive @var{startpos}, the minibuffer history functions
behave as if @code{(elt @var{variable} (1- @var{startpos}))} were the
history element currently shown in the minibuffer.

For consistency, you should also specify that element of the history
as the initial minibuffer contents, using the @var{initial} argument
to the minibuffer input function (@pxref{Initial Input}).
@end table

  If you don't specify @var{history}, then the default history list
@code{minibuffer-history} is used.  For other standard history lists,
see below.  You can also create your own history list variable; just
initialize it to @code{nil} before the first use.

  Both @code{read-from-minibuffer} and @code{completing-read} add new
elements to the history list automatically, and provide commands to
allow the user to reuse items on the list.  The only thing your program
needs to do to use a history list is to initialize it and to pass its
name to the input functions when you wish.  But it is safe to modify the
list by hand when the minibuffer input functions are not using it.

  Emacs functions that add a new element to a history list can also
delete old elements if the list gets too long.  The variable
@code{history-length} specifies the maximum length for most history
lists.  To specify a different maximum length for a particular history
list, put the length in the @code{history-length} property of the
history list symbol.  The variable @code{history-delete-duplicates}
specifies whether to delete duplicates in history.

@defun add-to-history history-var newelt &optional maxelt keep-all
This function adds a new element @var{newelt}, if it isn't the empty
string, to the history list stored in the variable @var{history-var},
and returns the updated history list.  It limits the list length to
the value of @var{maxelt} (if non-@code{nil}) or @code{history-length}
(described below).  The possible values of @var{maxelt} have the same
meaning as the values of @code{history-length}.

Normally, @code{add-to-history} removes duplicate members from the
history list if @code{history-delete-duplicates} is non-@code{nil}.
However, if @var{keep-all} is non-@code{nil}, that says not to remove
duplicates, and to add @var{newelt} to the list even if it is empty.
@end defun

@defvar history-add-new-input
If the value of this variable is @code{nil}, standard functions that
read from the minibuffer don't add new elements to the history list.
This lets Lisp programs explicitly manage input history by using
@code{add-to-history}.  The default value is @code{t}.
@end defvar

@defopt history-length
The value of this variable specifies the maximum length for all
history lists that don't specify their own maximum lengths.  If the
value is @code{t}, that means there is no maximum (don't delete old
elements).  If a history list variable's symbol has a non-@code{nil}
@code{history-length} property, it overrides this variable for that
particular history list.
@end defopt

@defopt history-delete-duplicates
If the value of this variable is @code{t}, that means when adding a
new history element, all previous identical elements are deleted.
@end defopt

  Here are some of the standard minibuffer history list variables:

@defvar minibuffer-history
The default history list for minibuffer history input.
@end defvar

@defvar query-replace-history
A history list for arguments to @code{query-replace} (and similar
arguments to other commands).
@end defvar

@defvar file-name-history
A history list for file-name arguments.
@end defvar

@defvar buffer-name-history
A history list for buffer-name arguments.
@end defvar

@defvar regexp-history
A history list for regular expression arguments.
@end defvar

@defvar extended-command-history
A history list for arguments that are names of extended commands.
@end defvar

@defvar shell-command-history
A history list for arguments that are shell commands.
@end defvar

@defvar read-expression-history
A history list for arguments that are Lisp expressions to evaluate.
@end defvar

@defvar face-name-history
A history list for arguments that are faces.
@end defvar

@c Less common: coding-system-history, input-method-history,
@c command-history, grep-history, grep-find-history,
@c read-envvar-name-history, setenv-history, yes-or-no-p-history.

@node Initial Input
@section Initial Input

Several of the functions for minibuffer input have an argument called
@var{initial}.  This is a mostly-deprecated
feature for specifying that the minibuffer should start out with
certain text, instead of empty as usual.

If @var{initial} is a string, the minibuffer starts out containing the
text of the string, with point at the end, when the user starts to
edit the text.  If the user simply types @key{RET} to exit the
minibuffer, it will use the initial input string to determine the
value to return.

@strong{We discourage use of a non-@code{nil} value for
@var{initial}}, because initial input is an intrusive interface.
History lists and default values provide a much more convenient method
to offer useful default inputs to the user.

There is just one situation where you should specify a string for an
@var{initial} argument.  This is when you specify a cons cell for the
@var{history} argument.  @xref{Minibuffer History}.

@var{initial} can also be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{string}
. @var{position})}.  This means to insert @var{string} in the
minibuffer but put point at @var{position} within the string's text.

As a historical accident, @var{position} was implemented
inconsistently in different functions.  In @code{completing-read},
@var{position}'s value is interpreted as origin-zero; that is, a value
of 0 means the beginning of the string, 1 means after the first
character, etc.  In @code{read-minibuffer}, and the other
non-completion minibuffer input functions that support this argument,
1 means the beginning of the string, 2 means after the first character,
etc.

Use of a cons cell as the value for @var{initial} arguments is deprecated.

@node Completion
@section Completion
@cindex completion

  @dfn{Completion} is a feature that fills in the rest of a name
starting from an abbreviation for it.  Completion works by comparing the
user's input against a list of valid names and determining how much of
the name is determined uniquely by what the user has typed.  For
example, when you type @kbd{C-x b} (@code{switch-to-buffer}) and then
@c "This is the sort of English up with which I will not put."
type the first few letters of the name of the buffer to which you wish
to switch, and then type @key{TAB} (@code{minibuffer-complete}), Emacs
extends the name as far as it can.

  Standard Emacs commands offer completion for names of symbols, files,
buffers, and processes; with the functions in this section, you can
implement completion for other kinds of names.

  The @code{try-completion} function is the basic primitive for
completion: it returns the longest determined completion of a given
initial string, with a given set of strings to match against.

  The function @code{completing-read} provides a higher-level interface
for completion.  A call to @code{completing-read} specifies how to
determine the list of valid names.  The function then activates the
minibuffer with a local keymap that binds a few keys to commands useful
for completion.  Other functions provide convenient simple interfaces
for reading certain kinds of names with completion.

@menu
* Basic Completion::       Low-level functions for completing strings.
* Minibuffer Completion::  Invoking the minibuffer with completion.
* Completion Commands::    Minibuffer commands that do completion.
* High-Level Completion::  Convenient special cases of completion
                             (reading buffer names, variable names, etc.).
* Reading File Names::     Using completion to read file names and
                             shell commands.
* Completion Variables::   Variables controlling completion behavior.
* Programmed Completion::  Writing your own completion function.
* Completion in Buffers::  Completing text in ordinary buffers.
@end menu

@node Basic Completion
@subsection Basic Completion Functions

  The following completion functions have nothing in themselves to do
with minibuffers.  We describe them here to keep them near the
higher-level completion features that do use the minibuffer.

@defun try-completion string collection &optional predicate
This function returns the longest common substring of all possible
completions of @var{string} in @var{collection}.

@cindex completion table
@var{collection} is called the @dfn{completion table}.  Its value must
be a list of strings or cons cells, an obarray, a hash table, or a
completion function.

@code{try-completion} compares @var{string} against each of the
permissible completions specified by the completion table.  If no
permissible completions match, it returns @code{nil}.  If there is
just one matching completion, and the match is exact, it returns
@code{t}.  Otherwise, it returns the longest initial sequence common
to all possible matching completions.

If @var{collection} is an list, the permissible completions are
specified by the elements of the list, each of which should be either
a string, or a cons cell whose @sc{car} is either a string or a symbol
(a symbol is converted to a string using @code{symbol-name}).  If the
list contains elements of any other type, those are ignored.

@cindex obarray in completion
If @var{collection} is an obarray (@pxref{Creating Symbols}), the names
of all symbols in the obarray form the set of permissible completions.

If @var{collection} is a hash table, then the keys that are strings
are the possible completions.  Other keys are ignored.

You can also use a function as @var{collection}.  Then the function is
solely responsible for performing completion; @code{try-completion}
returns whatever this function returns.  The function is called with
three arguments: @var{string}, @var{predicate} and @code{nil} (the
third argument is so that the same function can be used
in @code{all-completions} and do the appropriate thing in either
case).  @xref{Programmed Completion}.

If the argument @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil}, then it must be a
function of one argument, unless @var{collection} is a hash table, in
which case it should be a function of two arguments.  It is used to
test each possible match, and the match is accepted only if
@var{predicate} returns non-@code{nil}.  The argument given to
@var{predicate} is either a string or a cons cell (the @sc{car} of
which is a string) from the alist, or a symbol (@emph{not} a symbol
name) from the obarray.  If @var{collection} is a hash table,
@var{predicate} is called with two arguments, the string key and the
associated value.

In addition, to be acceptable, a completion must also match all the
regular expressions in @code{completion-regexp-list}.  (Unless
@var{collection} is a function, in which case that function has to
handle @code{completion-regexp-list} itself.)

In the first of the following examples, the string @samp{foo} is
matched by three of the alist @sc{car}s.  All of the matches begin with
the characters @samp{fooba}, so that is the result.  In the second
example, there is only one possible match, and it is exact, so the
return value is @code{t}.

@smallexample
@group
(try-completion
 "foo"
 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)))
     @result{} "fooba"
@end group

@group
(try-completion "foo" '(("barfoo" 2) ("foo" 3)))
     @result{} t
@end group
@end smallexample

In the following example, numerous symbols begin with the characters
@samp{forw}, and all of them begin with the word @samp{forward}.  In
most of the symbols, this is followed with a @samp{-}, but not in all,
so no more than @samp{forward} can be completed.

@smallexample
@group
(try-completion "forw" obarray)
     @result{} "forward"
@end group
@end smallexample

Finally, in the following example, only two of the three possible
matches pass the predicate @code{test} (the string @samp{foobaz} is
too short).  Both of those begin with the string @samp{foobar}.

@smallexample
@group
(defun test (s)
  (> (length (car s)) 6))
     @result{} test
@end group
@group
(try-completion
 "foo"
 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4))
 'test)
     @result{} "foobar"
@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@c Removed obsolete argument nospace.
@defun all-completions string collection &optional predicate
This function returns a list of all possible completions of
@var{string}.  The arguments to this function
@c (aside from @var{nospace})
are the same as those of @code{try-completion}, and it
uses @code{completion-regexp-list} in the same way that
@code{try-completion} does.

@ignore
The optional argument @var{nospace} is obsolete.  If it is
non-@code{nil}, completions that start with a space are ignored unless
@var{string} starts with a space.
@end ignore

If @var{collection} is a function, it is called with three arguments:
@var{string}, @var{predicate} and @code{t}; then @code{all-completions}
returns whatever the function returns.  @xref{Programmed Completion}.

Here is an example, using the function @code{test} shown in the
example for @code{try-completion}:

@smallexample
@group
(defun test (s)
  (> (length (car s)) 6))
     @result{} test
@end group

@group
(all-completions
 "foo"
 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4))
 'test)
     @result{} ("foobar1" "foobar2")
@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@defun test-completion string collection &optional predicate
@anchor{Definition of test-completion}
This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{string} is a valid
completion alternative specified by @var{collection} and
@var{predicate}.  The arguments are the same as in
@code{try-completion}.  For instance, if @var{collection} is a list of
strings, this is true if @var{string} appears in the list and
@var{predicate} is satisfied.

This function uses @code{completion-regexp-list} in the same
way that @code{try-completion} does.

If @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil} and if @var{collection} contains
several strings that are equal to each other, as determined by
@code{compare-strings} according to @code{completion-ignore-case},
then @var{predicate} should accept either all or none of them.
Otherwise, the return value of @code{test-completion} is essentially
unpredictable.

If @var{collection} is a function, it is called with three arguments,
the values @var{string}, @var{predicate} and @code{lambda}; whatever
it returns, @code{test-completion} returns in turn.
@end defun

@defun completion-boundaries string collection predicate suffix
This function returns the boundaries of the field on which @var{collection}
will operate, assuming that @var{string} holds the text before point
and @var{suffix} holds the text after point.

Normally completion operates on the whole string, so for all normal
collections, this will always return @code{(0 . (length
@var{suffix}))}.  But more complex completion such as completion on
files is done one field at a time.  For example, completion of
@code{"/usr/sh"} will include @code{"/usr/share/"} but not
@code{"/usr/share/doc"} even if @code{"/usr/share/doc"} exists.
Also @code{all-completions} on @code{"/usr/sh"} will not include
@code{"/usr/share/"} but only @code{"share/"}.  So if @var{string} is
@code{"/usr/sh"} and @var{suffix} is @code{"e/doc"},
@code{completion-boundaries} will return @code{(5 . 1)} which tells us
that the @var{collection} will only return completion information that
pertains to the area after @code{"/usr/"} and before @code{"/doc"}.
@end defun

If you store a completion alist in a variable, you should mark the
variable as ``risky'' by giving it a non-@code{nil}
@code{risky-local-variable} property.  @xref{File Local Variables}.

@defvar completion-ignore-case
If the value of this variable is non-@code{nil}, case is not
considered significant in completion.  Within @code{read-file-name},
this variable is overridden by
@code{read-file-name-completion-ignore-case} (@pxref{Reading File
Names}); within @code{read-buffer}, it is overridden by
@code{read-buffer-completion-ignore-case} (@pxref{High-Level
Completion}).
@end defvar

@defvar completion-regexp-list
This is a list of regular expressions.  The completion functions only
consider a completion acceptable if it matches all regular expressions
in this list, with @code{case-fold-search} (@pxref{Searching and Case})
bound to the value of @code{completion-ignore-case}.
@end defvar

@defmac lazy-completion-table var fun
This macro provides a way to initialize the variable @var{var} as a
collection for completion in a lazy way, not computing its actual
contents until they are first needed.  You use this macro to produce a
value that you store in @var{var}.  The actual computation of the
proper value is done the first time you do completion using @var{var}.
It is done by calling @var{fun} with no arguments.  The
value @var{fun} returns becomes the permanent value of @var{var}.

Here is an example:

@smallexample
(defvar foo (lazy-completion-table foo make-my-alist))
@end smallexample
@end defmac

@c FIXME?  completion-table-with-context?
@findex completion-table-case-fold
@findex completion-table-in-turn
@findex completion-table-merge
@findex completion-table-subvert
@findex completion-table-with-quoting
@findex completion-table-with-predicate
@findex completion-table-with-terminator
@cindex completion table, modifying
@cindex completion tables, combining
There are several functions that take an existing completion table and
return a modified version.  @code{completion-table-case-fold} returns
a case-insensitive table.  @code{completion-table-in-turn} and
@code{completion-table-merge} combine multiple input tables in
different ways.  @code{completion-table-subvert} alters a table to use
a different initial prefix.  @code{completion-table-with-quoting}
returns a table suitable for operating on quoted text.
@code{completion-table-with-predicate} filters a table with a
predicate function.  @code{completion-table-with-terminator} adds a
terminating string.


@node Minibuffer Completion
@subsection Completion and the Minibuffer
@cindex minibuffer completion
@cindex reading from minibuffer with completion

  This section describes the basic interface for reading from the
minibuffer with completion.

@defun completing-read prompt collection &optional predicate require-match initial history default inherit-input-method
This function reads a string in the minibuffer, assisting the user by
providing completion.  It activates the minibuffer with prompt
@var{prompt}, which must be a string.

The actual completion is done by passing the completion table
@var{collection} and the completion predicate @var{predicate} to the
function @code{try-completion} (@pxref{Basic Completion}).  This
happens in certain commands bound in the local keymaps used for
completion.  Some of these commands also call @code{test-completion}.
Thus, if @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil}, it should be compatible
with @var{collection} and @code{completion-ignore-case}.
@xref{Definition of test-completion}.

The value of the optional argument @var{require-match} determines how
the user may exit the minibuffer:

@itemize @bullet
@item
If @code{nil}, the usual minibuffer exit commands work regardless of
the input in the minibuffer.

@item
If @code{t}, the usual minibuffer exit commands won't exit unless the
input completes to an element of @var{collection}.

@item
If @code{confirm}, the user can exit with any input, but is asked for
confirmation if the input is not an element of @var{collection}.

@item
If @code{confirm-after-completion}, the user can exit with any input,
but is asked for confirmation if the preceding command was a
completion command (i.e., one of the commands in
@code{minibuffer-confirm-exit-commands}) and the resulting input is
not an element of @var{collection}.  @xref{Completion Commands}.

@item
Any other value of @var{require-match} behaves like @code{t}, except
that the exit commands won't exit if it performs completion.
@end itemize

However, empty input is always permitted, regardless of the value of
@var{require-match}; in that case, @code{completing-read} returns the
first element of @var{default}, if it is a list; @code{""}, if
@var{default} is @code{nil}; or @var{default}.  The string or strings
in @var{default} are also available to the user through the history
commands.

The function @code{completing-read} uses
@code{minibuffer-local-completion-map} as the keymap if
@var{require-match} is @code{nil}, and uses
@code{minibuffer-local-must-match-map} if @var{require-match} is
non-@code{nil}.  @xref{Completion Commands}.

The argument @var{history} specifies which history list variable to use for
saving the input and for minibuffer history commands.  It defaults to
@code{minibuffer-history}.  @xref{Minibuffer History}.

The argument @var{initial} is mostly deprecated; we recommend using a
non-@code{nil} value only in conjunction with specifying a cons cell
for @var{history}.  @xref{Initial Input}.  For default input, use
@var{default} instead.

If the argument @var{inherit-input-method} is non-@code{nil}, then the
minibuffer inherits the current input method (@pxref{Input
Methods}) and the setting of @code{enable-multibyte-characters}
(@pxref{Text Representations}) from whichever buffer was current before
entering the minibuffer.

If the variable @code{completion-ignore-case} is
non-@code{nil}, completion ignores case when comparing the input
against the possible matches.  @xref{Basic Completion}.  In this mode
of operation, @var{predicate} must also ignore case, or you will get
surprising results.

Here's an example of using @code{completing-read}:

@smallexample
@group
(completing-read
 "Complete a foo: "
 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4))
 nil t "fo")
@end group

@group
;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,}
;;   @r{the following appears in the minibuffer:}

---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
Complete a foo: fo@point{}
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If the user then types @kbd{@key{DEL} @key{DEL} b @key{RET}},
@code{completing-read} returns @code{barfoo}.

The @code{completing-read} function binds variables to pass
information to the commands that actually do completion.
They are described in the following section.
@end defun

@defvar completing-read-function
The value of this variable must be a function, which is called by
@code{completing-read} to actually do its work.  It should accept the
same arguments as @code{completing-read}.  This can be bound to a
different function to completely override the normal behavior of
@code{completing-read}.
@end defvar

@node Completion Commands
@subsection Minibuffer Commands that Do Completion

  This section describes the keymaps, commands and user options used
in the minibuffer to do completion.

@defvar minibuffer-completion-table
The value of this variable is the completion table used for completion
in the minibuffer.  This is the global variable that contains what
@code{completing-read} passes to @code{try-completion}.  It is used by
minibuffer completion commands such as
@code{minibuffer-complete-word}.
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-completion-predicate
This variable's value is the predicate that @code{completing-read}
passes to @code{try-completion}.  The variable is also used by the other
minibuffer completion functions.
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-completion-confirm
This variable determines whether Emacs asks for confirmation before
exiting the minibuffer; @code{completing-read} binds this variable,
and the function @code{minibuffer-complete-and-exit} checks the value
before exiting.  If the value is @code{nil}, confirmation is not
required.  If the value is @code{confirm}, the user may exit with an
input that is not a valid completion alternative, but Emacs asks for
confirmation.  If the value is @code{confirm-after-completion}, the
user may exit with an input that is not a valid completion
alternative, but Emacs asks for confirmation if the user submitted the
input right after any of the completion commands in
@code{minibuffer-confirm-exit-commands}.
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-confirm-exit-commands
This variable holds a list of commands that cause Emacs to ask for
confirmation before exiting the minibuffer, if the @var{require-match}
argument to @code{completing-read} is @code{confirm-after-completion}.
The confirmation is requested if the user attempts to exit the
minibuffer immediately after calling any command in this list.
@end defvar

@deffn Command minibuffer-complete-word
This function completes the minibuffer contents by at most a single
word.  Even if the minibuffer contents have only one completion,
@code{minibuffer-complete-word} does not add any characters beyond the
first character that is not a word constituent.  @xref{Syntax Tables}.
@end deffn

@deffn Command minibuffer-complete
This function completes the minibuffer contents as far as possible.
@end deffn

@deffn Command minibuffer-complete-and-exit
This function completes the minibuffer contents, and exits if
confirmation is not required, i.e., if
@code{minibuffer-completion-confirm} is @code{nil}.  If confirmation
@emph{is} required, it is given by repeating this command
immediately---the command is programmed to work without confirmation
when run twice in succession.
@end deffn

@deffn Command minibuffer-completion-help
This function creates a list of the possible completions of the
current minibuffer contents.  It works by calling @code{all-completions}
using the value of the variable @code{minibuffer-completion-table} as
the @var{collection} argument, and the value of
@code{minibuffer-completion-predicate} as the @var{predicate} argument.
The list of completions is displayed as text in a buffer named
@file{*Completions*}.
@end deffn

@defun display-completion-list completions
This function displays @var{completions} to the stream in
@code{standard-output}, usually a buffer.  (@xref{Read and Print}, for more
information about streams.)  The argument @var{completions} is normally
a list of completions just returned by @code{all-completions}, but it
does not have to be.  Each element may be a symbol or a string, either
of which is simply printed.  It can also be a list of two strings,
which is printed as if the strings were concatenated.  The first of
the two strings is the actual completion, the second string serves as
annotation.

This function is called by @code{minibuffer-completion-help}.  A
common way to use it is together with
@code{with-output-to-temp-buffer}, like this:

@example
(with-output-to-temp-buffer "*Completions*"
  (display-completion-list
    (all-completions (buffer-string) my-alist)))
@end example
@end defun

@defopt completion-auto-help
If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the completion commands
automatically display a list of possible completions whenever nothing
can be completed because the next character is not uniquely determined.
@end defopt

@defvar minibuffer-local-completion-map
@code{completing-read} uses this value as the local keymap when an
exact match of one of the completions is not required.  By default, this
keymap makes the following bindings:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{?}
@code{minibuffer-completion-help}

@item @key{SPC}
@code{minibuffer-complete-word}

@item @key{TAB}
@code{minibuffer-complete}
@end table

@noindent
and uses @code{minibuffer-local-map} as its parent keymap
(@pxref{Definition of minibuffer-local-map}).
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-local-must-match-map
@code{completing-read} uses this value as the local keymap when an
exact match of one of the completions is required.  Therefore, no keys
are bound to @code{exit-minibuffer}, the command that exits the
minibuffer unconditionally.  By default, this keymap makes the following
bindings:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-j}
@code{minibuffer-complete-and-exit}

@item @key{RET}
@code{minibuffer-complete-and-exit}
@end table

@noindent
and uses @code{minibuffer-local-completion-map} as its parent keymap.
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-local-filename-completion-map
This is a sparse keymap that simply unbinds @key{SPC}; because
filenames can contain spaces.  The function @code{read-file-name}
combines this keymap with either @code{minibuffer-local-completion-map}
or @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-map}.
@end defvar


@node High-Level Completion
@subsection High-Level Completion Functions

  This section describes the higher-level convenience functions for
reading certain sorts of names with completion.

  In most cases, you should not call these functions in the middle of a
Lisp function.  When possible, do all minibuffer input as part of
reading the arguments for a command, in the @code{interactive}
specification.  @xref{Defining Commands}.

@defun read-buffer prompt &optional default require-match
This function reads the name of a buffer and returns it as a string.
The argument @var{default} is the default name to use, the value to
return if the user exits with an empty minibuffer.  If non-@code{nil},
it should be a string, a list of strings, or a buffer.  If it is
a list, the default value is the first element of this list.  It is
mentioned in the prompt, but is not inserted in the minibuffer as
initial input.

The argument @var{prompt} should be a string ending with a colon and a
space.  If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, the function inserts it in
@var{prompt} before the colon to follow the convention for reading from
the minibuffer with a default value (@pxref{Programming Tips}).

The optional argument @var{require-match} has the same meaning as in
@code{completing-read}.  @xref{Minibuffer Completion}.

In the following example, the user enters @samp{minibuffer.t}, and
then types @key{RET}.  The argument @var{require-match} is @code{t},
and the only buffer name starting with the given input is
@samp{minibuffer.texi}, so that name is the value.

@example
(read-buffer "Buffer name: " "foo" t)
@group
;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,}
;;   @r{the following prompt appears,}
;;   @r{with an empty minibuffer:}
@end group

@group
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
Buffer name (default foo): @point{}
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
@end group

@group
;; @r{The user types @kbd{minibuffer.t @key{RET}}.}
     @result{} "minibuffer.texi"
@end group
@end example
@end defun

@defopt read-buffer-function
This variable, if non-@code{nil}, specifies a function for reading
buffer names.  @code{read-buffer} calls this function instead of doing
its usual work, with the same arguments passed to @code{read-buffer}.
@end defopt

@defopt read-buffer-completion-ignore-case
If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{read-buffer} ignores case
when performing completion.
@end defopt

@defun read-command prompt &optional default
This function reads the name of a command and returns it as a Lisp
symbol.  The argument @var{prompt} is used as in
@code{read-from-minibuffer}.  Recall that a command is anything for
which @code{commandp} returns @code{t}, and a command name is a symbol
for which @code{commandp} returns @code{t}.  @xref{Interactive Call}.

The argument @var{default} specifies what to return if the user enters
null input.  It can be a symbol, a string or a list of strings.  If it
is a string, @code{read-command} interns it before returning it.
If it is a list, @code{read-command} interns the first element of this list.
If @var{default} is @code{nil}, that means no default has been
specified; then if the user enters null input, the return value is
@code{(intern "")}, that is, a symbol whose name is an empty string.

@example
(read-command "Command name? ")

@group
;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,}
;;   @r{the following prompt appears with an empty minibuffer:}
@end group

@group
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
Command name?
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
@end group
@end example

@noindent
If the user types @kbd{forward-c @key{RET}}, then this function returns
@code{forward-char}.

The @code{read-command} function is a simplified interface to
@code{completing-read}.  It uses the variable @code{obarray} so as to
complete in the set of extant Lisp symbols, and it uses the
@code{commandp} predicate so as to accept only command names:

@cindex @code{commandp} example
@example
@group
(read-command @var{prompt})
@equiv{}
(intern (completing-read @var{prompt} obarray
                         'commandp t nil))
@end group
@end example
@end defun

@defun read-variable prompt &optional default
@anchor{Definition of read-variable}
This function reads the name of a customizable variable and returns it
as a symbol.  Its arguments have the same form as those of
@code{read-command}.  It behaves just like @code{read-command}, except
that it uses the predicate @code{custom-variable-p} instead of
@code{commandp}.
@end defun

@deffn Command read-color &optional prompt convert allow-empty display
This function reads a string that is a color specification, either the
color's name or an RGB hex value such as @code{#RRRGGGBBB}.  It
prompts with @var{prompt} (default: @code{"Color (name or #RGB triplet):"})
and provides completion for color names, but not for hex RGB values.
In addition to names of standard colors, completion candidates include
the foreground and background colors at point.

Valid RGB values are described in @ref{Color Names}.

The function's return value is the string typed by the user in the
minibuffer.  However, when called interactively or if the optional
argument @var{convert} is non-@code{nil}, it converts any input color
name into the corresponding RGB value string and instead returns that.
This function requires a valid color specification to be input.
Empty color names are allowed when @var{allow-empty} is
non-@code{nil} and the user enters null input.

Interactively, or when @var{display} is non-@code{nil}, the return
value is also displayed in the echo area.
@end deffn

  See also the functions @code{read-coding-system} and
@code{read-non-nil-coding-system}, in @ref{User-Chosen Coding Systems},
and @code{read-input-method-name}, in @ref{Input Methods}.

@node Reading File Names
@subsection Reading File Names
@cindex read file names
@cindex prompt for file name

  The high-level completion functions @code{read-file-name},
@code{read-directory-name}, and @code{read-shell-command} are designed
to read file names, directory names, and shell commands, respectively.
They provide special features, including automatic insertion of the
default directory.

@defun read-file-name prompt &optional directory default require-match initial predicate
This function reads a file name, prompting with @var{prompt} and
providing completion.

As an exception, this function reads a file name using a graphical
file dialog instead of the minibuffer, if all of the following are
true:

@enumerate
@item
It is invoked via a mouse command.

@item
The selected frame is on a graphical display supporting such dialogs.

@item
The variable @code{use-dialog-box} is non-@code{nil}.
@xref{Dialog Boxes,, Dialog Boxes, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.

@item
The @var{directory} argument, described below, does not specify a
remote file.  @xref{Remote Files,, Remote Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end enumerate

@noindent
The exact behavior when using a graphical file dialog is
platform-dependent.  Here, we simply document the behavior when using
the minibuffer.

@code{read-file-name} does not automatically expand the returned file
name.  You must call @code{expand-file-name} yourself if an absolute
file name is required.

The optional argument @var{require-match} has the same meaning as in
@code{completing-read}.  @xref{Minibuffer Completion}.

The argument @var{directory} specifies the directory to use for
completing relative file names.  It should be an absolute directory
name.  If the variable @code{insert-default-directory} is non-@code{nil},
@var{directory} is also inserted in the minibuffer as initial input.
It defaults to the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory}.

If you specify @var{initial}, that is an initial file name to insert
in the buffer (after @var{directory}, if that is inserted).  In this
case, point goes at the beginning of @var{initial}.  The default for
@var{initial} is @code{nil}---don't insert any file name.  To see what
@var{initial} does, try the command @kbd{C-x C-v} in a buffer visiting
a file.  @strong{Please note:} we recommend using @var{default} rather
than @var{initial} in most cases.

If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, then the function returns
@var{default} if the user exits the minibuffer with the same non-empty
contents that @code{read-file-name} inserted initially.  The initial
minibuffer contents are always non-empty if
@code{insert-default-directory} is non-@code{nil}, as it is by
default.  @var{default} is not checked for validity, regardless of the
value of @var{require-match}.  However, if @var{require-match} is
non-@code{nil}, the initial minibuffer contents should be a valid file
(or directory) name.  Otherwise @code{read-file-name} attempts
completion if the user exits without any editing, and does not return
@var{default}.  @var{default} is also available through the history
commands.

If @var{default} is @code{nil}, @code{read-file-name} tries to find a
substitute default to use in its place, which it treats in exactly the
same way as if it had been specified explicitly.  If @var{default} is
@code{nil}, but @var{initial} is non-@code{nil}, then the default is
the absolute file name obtained from @var{directory} and
@var{initial}.  If both @var{default} and @var{initial} are @code{nil}
and the buffer is visiting a file, @code{read-file-name} uses the
absolute file name of that file as default.  If the buffer is not
visiting a file, then there is no default.  In that case, if the user
types @key{RET} without any editing, @code{read-file-name} simply
returns the pre-inserted contents of the minibuffer.

If the user types @key{RET} in an empty minibuffer, this function
returns an empty string, regardless of the value of
@var{require-match}.  This is, for instance, how the user can make the
current buffer visit no file using @kbd{M-x set-visited-file-name}.

If @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a function of one
argument that decides which file names are acceptable completion
alternatives.  A file name is an acceptable value if @var{predicate}
returns non-@code{nil} for it.

Here is an example of using @code{read-file-name}:

@example
@group
(read-file-name "The file is ")

;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,}
;;   @r{the following appears in the minibuffer:}
@end group

@group
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
The file is /gp/gnu/elisp/@point{}
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
@end group
@end example

@noindent
Typing @kbd{manual @key{TAB}} results in the following:

@example
@group
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
The file is /gp/gnu/elisp/manual.texi@point{}
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
@end group
@end example

@c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox in smallbook mode.
@noindent
If the user types @key{RET}, @code{read-file-name} returns the file name
as the string @code{"/gp/gnu/elisp/manual.texi"}.
@end defun

@defvar read-file-name-function
If non-@code{nil}, this should be a function that accepts the same
arguments as @code{read-file-name}.  When @code{read-file-name} is
called, it calls this function with the supplied arguments instead of
doing its usual work.
@end defvar

@defopt read-file-name-completion-ignore-case
If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{read-file-name} ignores case
when performing completion.
@end defopt

@defun read-directory-name prompt &optional directory default require-match initial
This function is like @code{read-file-name} but allows only directory
names as completion alternatives.

If @var{default} is @code{nil} and @var{initial} is non-@code{nil},
@code{read-directory-name} constructs a substitute default by
combining @var{directory} (or the current buffer's default directory
if @var{directory} is @code{nil}) and @var{initial}.  If both
@var{default} and @var{initial} are @code{nil}, this function uses
@var{directory} as substitute default, or the current buffer's default
directory if @var{directory} is @code{nil}.
@end defun

@defopt insert-default-directory
This variable is used by @code{read-file-name}, and thus, indirectly,
by most commands reading file names.  (This includes all commands that
use the code letters @samp{f} or @samp{F} in their interactive form.
@xref{Interactive Codes,, Code Characters for interactive}.)  Its
value controls whether @code{read-file-name} starts by placing the
name of the default directory in the minibuffer, plus the initial file
name, if any.  If the value of this variable is @code{nil}, then
@code{read-file-name} does not place any initial input in the
minibuffer (unless you specify initial input with the @var{initial}
argument).  In that case, the default directory is still used for
completion of relative file names, but is not displayed.

If this variable is @code{nil} and the initial minibuffer contents are
empty, the user may have to explicitly fetch the next history element
to access a default value.  If the variable is non-@code{nil}, the
initial minibuffer contents are always non-empty and the user can
always request a default value by immediately typing @key{RET} in an
unedited minibuffer.  (See above.)

For example:

@example
@group
;; @r{Here the minibuffer starts out with the default directory.}
(let ((insert-default-directory t))
  (read-file-name "The file is "))
@end group

@group
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
The file is ~lewis/manual/@point{}
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
@end group

@group
;; @r{Here the minibuffer is empty and only the prompt}
;;   @r{appears on its line.}
(let ((insert-default-directory nil))
  (read-file-name "The file is "))
@end group

@group
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
The file is @point{}
---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
@end group
@end example
@end defopt

@defun read-shell-command prompt &optional initial history &rest args
This function reads a shell command from the minibuffer, prompting
with @var{prompt} and providing intelligent completion.  It completes
the first word of the command using candidates that are appropriate
for command names, and the rest of the command words as file names.

This function uses @code{minibuffer-local-shell-command-map} as the
keymap for minibuffer input.  The @var{history} argument specifies the
history list to use; if is omitted or @code{nil}, it defaults to
@code{shell-command-history} (@pxref{Minibuffer History,
shell-command-history}).  The optional argument @var{initial}
specifies the initial content of the minibuffer (@pxref{Initial
Input}).  The rest of @var{args}, if present, are used as the
@var{default} and @var{inherit-input-method} arguments in
@code{read-from-minibuffer} (@pxref{Text from Minibuffer}).
@end defun

@defvar minibuffer-local-shell-command-map
This keymap is used by @code{read-shell-command} for completing
command and file names that are part of a shell command.  It uses
@code{minibuffer-local-map} as its parent keymap, and binds @key{TAB}
to @code{completion-at-point}.
@end defvar

@node Completion Variables
@subsection Completion Variables

  Here are some variables that can be used to alter the default
completion behavior.

@cindex completion styles
@defopt completion-styles
The value of this variable is a list of completion style (symbols) to
use for performing completion.  A @dfn{completion style} is a set of
rules for generating completions.  Each symbol occurring this list
must have a corresponding entry in @code{completion-styles-alist}.
@end defopt

@defvar completion-styles-alist
This variable stores a list of available completion styles.  Each
element in the list has the form

@example
(@var{style} @var{try-completion} @var{all-completions} @var{doc})
@end example

@noindent
Here, @var{style} is the name of the completion style (a symbol),
which may be used in the @code{completion-styles} variable to refer to
this style; @var{try-completion} is the function that does the
completion; @var{all-completions} is the function that lists the
completions; and @var{doc} is a string describing the completion
style.

The @var{try-completion} and @var{all-completions} functions should
each accept four arguments: @var{string}, @var{collection},
@var{predicate}, and @var{point}.  The @var{string}, @var{collection},
and @var{predicate} arguments have the same meanings as in
@code{try-completion} (@pxref{Basic Completion}), and the @var{point}
argument is the position of point within @var{string}.  Each function
should return a non-@code{nil} value if it performed its job, and
@code{nil} if it did not (e.g., if there is no way to complete
@var{string} according to the completion style).

When the user calls a completion command like
@code{minibuffer-complete} (@pxref{Completion Commands}), Emacs looks
for the first style listed in @code{completion-styles} and calls its
@var{try-completion} function.  If this function returns @code{nil},
Emacs moves to the next listed completion style and calls its
@var{try-completion} function, and so on until one of the
@var{try-completion} functions successfully performs completion and
returns a non-@code{nil} value.  A similar procedure is used for
listing completions, via the @var{all-completions} functions.

@xref{Completion Styles,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for a
description of the available completion styles.
@end defvar

@defopt completion-category-overrides
This variable specifies special completion styles and other completion
behaviors to use when completing certain types of text.  Its value
should be an alist with elements of the form @code{(@var{category}
. @var{alist})}.  @var{category} is a symbol describing what is being
completed; currently, the @code{buffer}, @code{file}, and
@code{unicode-name} categories are defined, but others can be defined
via specialized completion functions (@pxref{Programmed Completion}).
@var{alist} is an association list describing how completion should
behave for the corresponding category.  The following alist keys are
supported:

@table @code
@item styles
The value should be a list of completion styles (symbols).

@item cycle
The value should be a value for @code{completion-cycle-threshold}
(@pxref{Completion Options,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}) for this
category.
@end table

@noindent
Additional alist entries may be defined in the future.
@end defopt

@defvar completion-extra-properties
This variable is used to specify extra properties of the current
completion command.  It is intended to be let-bound by specialized
completion commands.  Its value should be a list of property and value
pairs.  The following properties are supported:

@table @code
@item :annotation-function
The value should be a function to add annotations in the completions
buffer.  This function must accept one argument, a completion, and
should either return @code{nil} or a string to be displayed next to
the completion.

@item :exit-function
The value should be a function to run after performing completion.
The function should accept two arguments, @var{string} and
@var{status}, where @var{string} is the text to which the field was
completed, and @var{status} indicates what kind of operation happened:
@code{finished} if text is now complete, @code{sole} if the text
cannot be further completed but completion is not finished, or
@code{exact} if the text is a valid completion but may be further
completed.
@end table
@end defvar

@node Programmed Completion
@subsection Programmed Completion
@cindex programmed completion

  Sometimes it is not possible or convenient to create an alist or
an obarray containing all the intended possible completions ahead
of time.  In such a case, you can supply your own function to compute
the completion of a given string.  This is called @dfn{programmed
completion}.  Emacs uses programmed completion when completing file
names (@pxref{File Name Completion}), among many other cases.

  To use this feature, pass a function as the @var{collection}
argument to @code{completing-read}.  The function
@code{completing-read} arranges to pass your completion function along
to @code{try-completion}, @code{all-completions}, and other basic
completion functions, which will then let your function do all
the work.

  The completion function should accept three arguments:

@itemize @bullet
@item
The string to be completed.

@item
A predicate function with which to filter possible matches, or
@code{nil} if none.  The function should call the predicate for each
possible match, and ignore the match if the predicate returns
@code{nil}.

@item
A flag specifying the type of completion operation to perform.  This
flag may be one of the following values.

@table @code
@item nil
This specifies a @code{try-completion} operation.  The function should
return @code{t} if the specified string is a unique and exact match;
if there is more than one match, it should return the common substring
of all matches (if the string is an exact match for one completion
alternative but also matches other longer alternatives, the return
value is the string); if there are no matches, it should return
@code{nil}.

@item t
This specifies an @code{all-completions} operation.  The function
should return a list of all possible completions of the specified
string.

@item lambda
This specifies a @code{test-completion} operation.  The function
should return @code{t} if the specified string is an exact match for
some completion alternative; @code{nil} otherwise.

@item (boundaries . @var{suffix})
This specifies a @code{completion-boundaries} operation.  The function
should return @code{(boundaries @var{start} . @var{end})}, where
@var{start} is the position of the beginning boundary in the specified
string, and @var{end} is the position of the end boundary in
@var{suffix}.

@item metadata
This specifies a request for information about the state of the
current completion.  The return value should have the form
@code{(metadata . @var{alist})}, where @var{alist} is an alist whose
elements are described below.
@end table

@noindent
If the flag has any other value, the completion function should return
@code{nil}.
@end itemize

The following is a list of metadata entries that a completion function
may return in response to a @code{metadata} flag argument:

@table @code
@item category
The value should be a symbol describing what kind of text the
completion function is trying to complete.  If the symbol matches one
of the keys in @code{completion-category-overrides}, the usual
completion behavior is overridden.  @xref{Completion Variables}.

@item annotation-function
The value should be a function for @dfn{annotating} completions.  The
function should take one argument, @var{string}, which is a possible
completion.  It should return a string, which is displayed after the
completion @var{string} in the @file{*Completions*} buffer.

@item display-sort-function
The value should be a function for sorting completions.  The function
should take one argument, a list of completion strings, and return a
sorted list of completion strings.  It is allowed to alter the input
list destructively.

@item cycle-sort-function
The value should be a function for sorting completions, when
@code{completion-cycle-threshold} is non-@code{nil} and the user is
cycling through completion alternatives.  @xref{Completion Options,,,
emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.  Its argument list and return value are
the same as for @code{display-sort-function}.
@end table

@defun completion-table-dynamic function
This function is a convenient way to write a function that can act as
a programmed completion function.  The argument @var{function} should be
a function that takes one argument, a string, and returns an alist of
possible completions of it.  You can think of
@code{completion-table-dynamic} as a transducer between that interface
and the interface for programmed completion functions.
@end defun

@defun completion-table-with-cache function &optional ignore-case
This is a wrapper for @code{completion-table-dynamic} that saves the
last argument-result pair.  This means that multiple lookups with the
same argument only need to call @var{function} once.  This can be useful
when a slow operation is involved, such as calling an external process.
@end defun

@node Completion in Buffers
@subsection Completion in Ordinary Buffers
@cindex inline completion

@findex completion-at-point
  Although completion is usually done in the minibuffer, the
completion facility can also be used on the text in ordinary Emacs
buffers.  In many major modes, in-buffer completion is performed by
the @kbd{C-M-i} or @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} command, bound to
@code{completion-at-point}.  @xref{Symbol Completion,,, emacs, The GNU
Emacs Manual}.  This command uses the abnormal hook variable
@code{completion-at-point-functions}:

@defvar completion-at-point-functions
The value of this abnormal hook should be a list of functions, which
are used to compute a completion table for completing the text at
point.  It can be used by major modes to provide mode-specific
completion tables (@pxref{Major Mode Conventions}).

When the command @code{completion-at-point} runs, it calls the
functions in the list one by one, without any argument.  Each function
should return @code{nil} if it is unable to produce a completion table
for the text at point.  Otherwise it should return a list of the form

@example
(@var{start} @var{end} @var{collection} . @var{props})
@end example

@noindent
@var{start} and @var{end} delimit the text to complete (which should
enclose point).  @var{collection} is a completion table for completing
that text, in a form suitable for passing as the second argument to
@code{try-completion} (@pxref{Basic Completion}); completion
alternatives will be generated from this completion table in the usual
way, via the completion styles defined in @code{completion-styles}
(@pxref{Completion Variables}).  @var{props} is a property list for
additional information; any of the properties in
@code{completion-extra-properties} are recognized (@pxref{Completion
Variables}), as well as the following additional ones:

@table @code
@item :predicate
The value should be a predicate that completion candidates need to
satisfy.

@item :exclusive
If the value is @code{no}, then if the completion table fails to match
the text at point, @code{completion-at-point} moves on to the
next function in @code{completion-at-point-functions} instead of
reporting a completion failure.
@end table

Supplying a function for @var{collection} is strongly recommended if
generating the list of completions is an expensive operation.  Emacs
may internally call functions in @code{completion-at-point-functions}
many times, but care about the value of @var{collection} for only some
of these calls.  By supplying a function for @var{collection}, Emacs
can defer generating completions until necessary.  You can use
@var{completion-table-dynamic} to create a wrapper function:

@smallexample
;; Avoid this pattern.
(let ((beg ...) (end ...) (my-completions (my-make-completions)))
  (list beg end my-completions))

;; Use this instead.
(let ((beg ...) (end ...))
  (list beg
        end
        (completion-table-dynamic
          (lambda (_)
            (my-make-completions)))))
@end smallexample

A function in @code{completion-at-point-functions} may also return a
function instead of a list as described above.  In that case, that
returned function is called, with no argument, and it is entirely
responsible for performing the completion.  We discourage this usage;
it is intended to help convert old code to using
@code{completion-at-point}.

The first function in @code{completion-at-point-functions} to return a
non-@code{nil} value is used by @code{completion-at-point}.  The
remaining functions are not called.  The exception to this is when
there is an @code{:exclusive} specification, as described above.
@end defvar

  The following function provides a convenient way to perform
completion on an arbitrary stretch of text in an Emacs buffer:

@defun completion-in-region start end collection &optional predicate
This function completes the text in the current buffer between the
positions @var{start} and @var{end}, using @var{collection}.  The
argument @var{collection} has the same meaning as in
@code{try-completion} (@pxref{Basic Completion}).

This function inserts the completion text directly into the current
buffer.  Unlike @code{completing-read} (@pxref{Minibuffer
Completion}), it does not activate the minibuffer.

For this function to work, point must be somewhere between @var{start}
and @var{end}.
@end defun


@node Yes-or-No Queries
@section Yes-or-No Queries
@cindex asking the user questions
@cindex querying the user
@cindex yes-or-no questions

  This section describes functions used to ask the user a yes-or-no
question.  The function @code{y-or-n-p} can be answered with a single
character; it is useful for questions where an inadvertent wrong answer
will not have serious consequences.  @code{yes-or-no-p} is suitable for
more momentous questions, since it requires three or four characters to
answer.

   If either of these functions is called in a command that was invoked
using the mouse---more precisely, if @code{last-nonmenu-event}
(@pxref{Command Loop Info}) is either @code{nil} or a list---then it
uses a dialog box or pop-up menu to ask the question.  Otherwise, it
uses keyboard input.  You can force use either of the mouse or of keyboard
input by binding @code{last-nonmenu-event} to a suitable value around
the call.

  Strictly speaking, @code{yes-or-no-p} uses the minibuffer and
@code{y-or-n-p} does not; but it seems best to describe them together.

@defun y-or-n-p prompt
This function asks the user a question, expecting input in the echo
area.  It returns @code{t} if the user types @kbd{y}, @code{nil} if the
user types @kbd{n}.  This function also accepts @key{SPC} to mean yes
and @key{DEL} to mean no.  It accepts @kbd{C-]} to mean ``quit'', like
@kbd{C-g}, because the question might look like a minibuffer and for
that reason the user might try to use @kbd{C-]} to get out.  The answer
is a single character, with no @key{RET} needed to terminate it.  Upper
and lower case are equivalent.

``Asking the question'' means printing @var{prompt} in the echo area,
followed by the string @w{@samp{(y or n) }}.  If the input is not one of
the expected answers (@kbd{y}, @kbd{n}, @kbd{@key{SPC}},
@kbd{@key{DEL}}, or something that quits), the function responds
@samp{Please answer y or n.}, and repeats the request.

This function does not actually use the minibuffer, since it does not
allow editing of the answer.  It actually uses the echo area (@pxref{The
Echo Area}), which uses the same screen space as the minibuffer.  The
cursor moves to the echo area while the question is being asked.

The answers and their meanings, even @samp{y} and @samp{n}, are not
hardwired, and are specified by the keymap @code{query-replace-map}
(@pxref{Search and Replace}).  In particular, if the user enters the
special responses @code{recenter}, @code{scroll-up},
@code{scroll-down}, @code{scroll-other-window}, or
@code{scroll-other-window-down} (respectively bound to @kbd{C-l},
@kbd{C-v}, @kbd{M-v}, @kbd{C-M-v} and @kbd{C-M-S-v} in
@code{query-replace-map}), this function performs the specified window
recentering or scrolling operation, and poses the question again.

@noindent
We show successive lines of echo area messages, but only one actually
appears on the screen at a time.
@end defun

@defun y-or-n-p-with-timeout prompt seconds default
Like @code{y-or-n-p}, except that if the user fails to answer within
@var{seconds} seconds, this function stops waiting and returns
@var{default}.  It works by setting up a timer; see @ref{Timers}.
The argument @var{seconds} should be a number.
@end defun

@defun yes-or-no-p prompt
This function asks the user a question, expecting input in the
minibuffer.  It returns @code{t} if the user enters @samp{yes},
@code{nil} if the user types @samp{no}.  The user must type @key{RET} to
finalize the response.  Upper and lower case are equivalent.

@code{yes-or-no-p} starts by displaying @var{prompt} in the echo area,
followed by @w{@samp{(yes or no) }}.  The user must type one of the
expected responses; otherwise, the function responds @samp{Please answer
yes or no.}, waits about two seconds and repeats the request.

@code{yes-or-no-p} requires more work from the user than
@code{y-or-n-p} and is appropriate for more crucial decisions.

Here is an example:

@smallexample
@group
(yes-or-no-p "Do you really want to remove everything? ")

;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,}
;;   @r{the following prompt appears,}
;;   @r{with an empty minibuffer:}
@end group

@group
---------- Buffer: minibuffer ----------
Do you really want to remove everything? (yes or no)
---------- Buffer: minibuffer ----------
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If the user first types @kbd{y @key{RET}}, which is invalid because this
function demands the entire word @samp{yes}, it responds by displaying
these prompts, with a brief pause between them:

@smallexample
@group
---------- Buffer: minibuffer ----------
Please answer yes or no.
Do you really want to remove everything? (yes or no)
---------- Buffer: minibuffer ----------
@end group
@end smallexample
@end defun

@node Multiple Queries
@section Asking Multiple Y-or-N Questions

  When you have a series of similar questions to ask, such as ``Do you
want to save this buffer'' for each buffer in turn, you should use
@code{map-y-or-n-p} to ask the collection of questions, rather than
asking each question individually.  This gives the user certain
convenient facilities such as the ability to answer the whole series at
once.

@defun map-y-or-n-p prompter actor list &optional help action-alist no-cursor-in-echo-area
This function asks the user a series of questions, reading a
single-character answer in the echo area for each one.

The value of @var{list} specifies the objects to ask questions about.
It should be either a list of objects or a generator function.  If it is
a function, it should expect no arguments, and should return either the
next object to ask about, or @code{nil}, meaning to stop asking questions.

The argument @var{prompter} specifies how to ask each question.  If
@var{prompter} is a string, the question text is computed like this:

@example
(format @var{prompter} @var{object})
@end example

@noindent
where @var{object} is the next object to ask about (as obtained from
@var{list}).

If not a string, @var{prompter} should be a function of one argument
(the next object to ask about) and should return the question text.  If
the value is a string, that is the question to ask the user.  The
function can also return @code{t}, meaning do act on this object (and
don't ask the user), or @code{nil}, meaning ignore this object (and don't
ask the user).

The argument @var{actor} says how to act on the answers that the user
gives.  It should be a function of one argument, and it is called with
each object that the user says yes for.  Its argument is always an
object obtained from @var{list}.

If the argument @var{help} is given, it should be a list of this form:

@example
(@var{singular} @var{plural} @var{action})
@end example

@noindent
where @var{singular} is a string containing a singular noun that
describes the objects conceptually being acted on, @var{plural} is the
corresponding plural noun, and @var{action} is a transitive verb
describing what @var{actor} does.

If you don't specify @var{help}, the default is @code{("object"
"objects" "act on")}.

Each time a question is asked, the user may enter @kbd{y}, @kbd{Y}, or
@key{SPC} to act on that object; @kbd{n}, @kbd{N}, or @key{DEL} to skip
that object; @kbd{!} to act on all following objects; @key{ESC} or
@kbd{q} to exit (skip all following objects); @kbd{.} (period) to act on
the current object and then exit; or @kbd{C-h} to get help.  These are
the same answers that @code{query-replace} accepts.  The keymap
@code{query-replace-map} defines their meaning for @code{map-y-or-n-p}
as well as for @code{query-replace}; see @ref{Search and Replace}.

You can use @var{action-alist} to specify additional possible answers
and what they mean.  It is an alist of elements of the form
@code{(@var{char} @var{function} @var{help})}, each of which defines one
additional answer.  In this element, @var{char} is a character (the
answer); @var{function} is a function of one argument (an object from
@var{list}); @var{help} is a string.

When the user responds with @var{char}, @code{map-y-or-n-p} calls
@var{function}.  If it returns non-@code{nil}, the object is considered
``acted upon'', and @code{map-y-or-n-p} advances to the next object in
@var{list}.  If it returns @code{nil}, the prompt is repeated for the
same object.

Normally, @code{map-y-or-n-p} binds @code{cursor-in-echo-area} while
prompting.  But if @var{no-cursor-in-echo-area} is non-@code{nil}, it
does not do that.

If @code{map-y-or-n-p} is called in a command that was invoked using the
mouse---more precisely, if @code{last-nonmenu-event} (@pxref{Command
Loop Info}) is either @code{nil} or a list---then it uses a dialog box
or pop-up menu to ask the question.  In this case, it does not use
keyboard input or the echo area.  You can force use either of the mouse or
of keyboard input by binding @code{last-nonmenu-event} to a suitable
value around the call.

The return value of @code{map-y-or-n-p} is the number of objects acted on.
@end defun
@c FIXME  An example of this would be more useful than all the
@c preceding examples of simple things.

@node Reading a Password
@section Reading a Password
@cindex passwords, reading

  To read a password to pass to another program, you can use the
function @code{read-passwd}.

@defun read-passwd prompt &optional confirm default
This function reads a password, prompting with @var{prompt}.  It does
not echo the password as the user types it; instead, it echoes @samp{.}
for each character in the password.  (Note that in batch mode, the
input is not hidden.)

The optional argument @var{confirm}, if non-@code{nil}, says to read the
password twice and insist it must be the same both times.  If it isn't
the same, the user has to type it over and over until the last two
times match.

The optional argument @var{default} specifies the default password to
return if the user enters empty input.  If @var{default} is @code{nil},
then @code{read-passwd} returns the null string in that case.
@end defun

@node Minibuffer Commands
@section Minibuffer Commands

  This section describes some commands meant for use in the
minibuffer.

@deffn Command exit-minibuffer
This command exits the active minibuffer.  It is normally bound to
keys in minibuffer local keymaps.
@end deffn

@deffn Command self-insert-and-exit
This command exits the active minibuffer after inserting the last
character typed on the keyboard (found in @code{last-command-event};
@pxref{Command Loop Info}).
@end deffn

@deffn Command previous-history-element n
This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the
@var{n}th previous (older) history element.
@end deffn

@deffn Command next-history-element n
This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the
@var{n}th more recent history element.
@end deffn

@deffn Command previous-matching-history-element pattern n
This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the
@var{n}th previous (older) history element that matches @var{pattern} (a
regular expression).
@end deffn

@deffn Command next-matching-history-element pattern n
This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the
@var{n}th next (newer) history element that matches @var{pattern} (a
regular expression).
@end deffn

@deffn Command previous-complete-history-element n
This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the
@var{n}th previous (older) history element that completes the current
contents of the minibuffer before the point.
@end deffn

@deffn Command next-complete-history-element n
This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the
@var{n}th next (newer) history element that completes the current
contents of the minibuffer before the point.
@end deffn


@node Minibuffer Windows
@section Minibuffer Windows
@cindex minibuffer windows

  These functions access and select minibuffer windows
and test whether they are active.

@defun active-minibuffer-window
This function returns the currently active minibuffer window, or
@code{nil} if there is none.
@end defun

@defun minibuffer-window &optional frame
@anchor{Definition of minibuffer-window}
This function returns the minibuffer window used for frame @var{frame}.
If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, that stands for the current frame.  Note
that the minibuffer window used by a frame need not be part of that
frame---a frame that has no minibuffer of its own necessarily uses some
other frame's minibuffer window.
@end defun

@defun set-minibuffer-window window
This function specifies @var{window} as the minibuffer window to use.
This affects where the minibuffer is displayed if you put text in it
without invoking the usual minibuffer commands.  It has no effect on
the usual minibuffer input functions because they all start by
choosing the minibuffer window according to the current frame.
@end defun

@c Emacs 19 feature
@defun window-minibuffer-p &optional window
This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window} is a minibuffer
window.
@var{window} defaults to the selected window.
@end defun

It is not correct to determine whether a given window is a minibuffer by
comparing it with the result of @code{(minibuffer-window)}, because
there can be more than one minibuffer window if there is more than one
frame.

@defun minibuffer-window-active-p window
This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window} is the currently
active minibuffer window.
@end defun

@node Minibuffer Contents
@section Minibuffer Contents

  These functions access the minibuffer prompt and contents.

@defun minibuffer-prompt
This function returns the prompt string of the currently active
minibuffer.  If no minibuffer is active, it returns @code{nil}.
@end defun

@defun minibuffer-prompt-end
This function returns the current
position of the end of the minibuffer prompt, if a minibuffer is
current.  Otherwise, it returns the minimum valid buffer position.
@end defun

@defun minibuffer-prompt-width
This function returns the current display-width of the minibuffer
prompt, if a minibuffer is current.  Otherwise, it returns zero.
@end defun

@defun minibuffer-contents
This function returns the editable
contents of the minibuffer (that is, everything except the prompt) as
a string, if a minibuffer is current.  Otherwise, it returns the
entire contents of the current buffer.
@end defun

@defun minibuffer-contents-no-properties
This is like @code{minibuffer-contents}, except that it does not copy text
properties, just the characters themselves.  @xref{Text Properties}.
@end defun

@defun delete-minibuffer-contents
This function erases the editable contents of the minibuffer (that is,
everything except the prompt), if a minibuffer is current.  Otherwise,
it erases the entire current buffer.
@end defun

@node Recursive Mini
@section Recursive Minibuffers
@cindex recursive minibuffers

  These functions and variables deal with recursive minibuffers
(@pxref{Recursive Editing}):

@defun minibuffer-depth
This function returns the current depth of activations of the
minibuffer, a nonnegative integer.  If no minibuffers are active, it
returns zero.
@end defun

@defopt enable-recursive-minibuffers
If this variable is non-@code{nil}, you can invoke commands (such as
@code{find-file}) that use minibuffers even while the minibuffer window
is active.  Such invocation produces a recursive editing level for a new
minibuffer.  The outer-level minibuffer is invisible while you are
editing the inner one.

If this variable is @code{nil}, you cannot invoke minibuffer
commands when the minibuffer window is active, not even if you switch to
another window to do it.
@end defopt

@c Emacs 19 feature
If a command name has a property @code{enable-recursive-minibuffers}
that is non-@code{nil}, then the command can use the minibuffer to read
arguments even if it is invoked from the minibuffer.  A command can
also achieve this by binding @code{enable-recursive-minibuffers}
to @code{t} in the interactive declaration (@pxref{Using Interactive}).
The minibuffer command @code{next-matching-history-element} (normally
@kbd{M-s} in the minibuffer) does the latter.

@node Minibuffer Misc
@section Minibuffer Miscellany

@defun minibufferp &optional buffer-or-name
This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{buffer-or-name} is a
minibuffer.  If @var{buffer-or-name} is omitted, it tests the current
buffer.
@end defun

@defvar minibuffer-setup-hook
This is a normal hook that is run whenever the minibuffer is entered.
@xref{Hooks}.
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-exit-hook
This is a normal hook that is run whenever the minibuffer is exited.
@xref{Hooks}.
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-help-form
@anchor{Definition of minibuffer-help-form}
The current value of this variable is used to rebind @code{help-form}
locally inside the minibuffer (@pxref{Help Functions}).
@end defvar

@defvar minibuffer-scroll-window
@anchor{Definition of minibuffer-scroll-window}
If the value of this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a window
object.  When the function @code{scroll-other-window} is called in the
minibuffer, it scrolls this window.
@end defvar

@defun minibuffer-selected-window
This function returns the window that was selected when the
minibuffer was entered.  If selected window is not a minibuffer
window, it returns @code{nil}.
@end defun

@defopt max-mini-window-height
This variable specifies the maximum height for resizing minibuffer
windows.  If a float, it specifies a fraction of the height of the
frame.  If an integer, it specifies a number of lines.
@end defopt

@vindex minibuffer-message-timeout
@defun minibuffer-message string &rest args
This function displays @var{string} temporarily at the end of the
minibuffer text, for a few seconds, or until the next input event
arrives, whichever comes first.  The variable
@code{minibuffer-message-timeout} specifies the number of seconds to
wait in the absence of input.  It defaults to 2.  If @var{args} is
non-@code{nil}, the actual message is obtained by passing @var{string}
and @var{args} through @code{format}.  @xref{Formatting Strings}.
@end defun

@deffn Command minibuffer-inactive-mode
This is the major mode used in inactive minibuffers.  It uses
keymap @code{minibuffer-inactive-mode-map}.  This can be useful
if the minibuffer is in a separate frame.  @xref{Minibuffers and Frames}.
@end deffn