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170 lines
7.5 KiB
Plaintext
170 lines
7.5 KiB
Plaintext
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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@c 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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@node Entering Emacs, Exiting, Text Characters, Top
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@chapter Entering and Exiting Emacs
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@cindex entering Emacs
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@cindex starting Emacs
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The usual way to invoke Emacs is with the shell command
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@command{emacs}. Emacs clears the screen, then displays an initial
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help message and copyright notice. Some operating systems discard
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your type-ahead when Emacs starts up; they give Emacs no way to
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prevent this. On those systems, wait for Emacs to clear the screen
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before you start typing.
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From a shell window under the X Window System, run Emacs in the
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background with @command{emacs&}. This way, Emacs won't tie up the
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shell window, so you can use it to run other shell commands while
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Emacs is running. You can type Emacs commands as soon as you direct
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your keyboard input to an Emacs frame.
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@vindex initial-major-mode
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When Emacs starts up, it creates a buffer named @samp{*scratch*}.
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That's the buffer you start out in. The @samp{*scratch*} buffer uses
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Lisp Interaction mode; you can use it to type Lisp expressions and
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evaluate them. You can also ignore that capability and just write notes
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there. You can specify a different major mode for this buffer by
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setting the variable @code{initial-major-mode} in your init file.
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@xref{Init File}.
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It is possible to specify files to be visited, Lisp files to be
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loaded, and functions to be called through Emacs command-line
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arguments. @xref{Emacs Invocation}. The feature exists mainly for
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compatibility with other editors, and for scripts.
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Many editors are designed to edit one file. When done with that
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file, you exit the editor. The next time you want to edit a file, you
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must start the editor again. Working this way, it is convenient to
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use a command-line argument to say which file to edit.
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It's not smart to start Emacs afresh for every file you edit. Emacs
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can visit more than one file in a single editing session, and upon
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exit Emacs loses valuable accumulated context, such as the kill ring,
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registers, undo history, and mark ring. These features are useful for
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operating on multiple files, or even one. If you kill Emacs after
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each file, you don't take advantage of them.
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The recommended way to use GNU Emacs is to start it only once, just
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after you log in, and do all your editing in the same Emacs session.
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Each time you edit a file, you visit it with the existing Emacs, which
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eventually has many files in it ready for editing. Usually you do not
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kill Emacs until you are about to log out. @xref{Files}, for more
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information on visiting more than one file.
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To edit a file from another program while Emacs is running, you can
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use the @command{emacsclient} helper program to open a file in the
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already running Emacs. @xref{Emacs Server}.
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@ifnottex
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@raisesections
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@end ifnottex
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@node Exiting, Basic, Entering Emacs, Top
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@section Exiting Emacs
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@cindex exiting
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@cindex killing Emacs
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@cindex suspending
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@cindex leaving Emacs
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@cindex quitting Emacs
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There are two commands for exiting Emacs, and three kinds of exiting:
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@dfn{suspending} Emacs, @dfn{Iconifying} Emacs, and @dfn{killing}
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Emacs.
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@dfn{Suspending} means stopping Emacs temporarily and returning
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control to its parent process (usually a shell), allowing you to resume
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editing later in the same Emacs job, with the same buffers, same kill
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ring, same undo history, and so on. This is the usual way to exit Emacs
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when running on a text terminal.
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@dfn{Iconifying} means replacing the Emacs frame with a small box
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somewhere on the screen. This is the usual way to exit Emacs when you're
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using a graphics terminal---if you bother to ``exit'' at all. (Just switching
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to another application is usually sufficient.)
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@dfn{Killing} Emacs means destroying the Emacs job. You can run Emacs
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again later, but you will get a fresh Emacs; there is no way to resume
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the same editing session after it has been killed.
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@table @kbd
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@item C-z
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Suspend Emacs (@code{suspend-emacs}) or iconify a frame
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(@code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}).
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@item C-x C-c
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Kill Emacs (@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}).
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@end table
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@kindex C-z
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@findex suspend-emacs
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To suspend or iconify Emacs, type @kbd{C-z} (@code{suspend-emacs}).
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On text terminals, this suspends Emacs. On graphical displays,
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it iconifies the Emacs frame.
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Suspending Emacs takes you back to the shell from which you invoked
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Emacs. You can resume Emacs with the shell command @command{%emacs}
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in most common shells. On systems that don't support suspending
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programs, @kbd{C-z} starts an inferior shell that communicates
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directly with the terminal, and Emacs waits until you exit the
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subshell. (The way to do that is probably with @kbd{C-d} or
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@command{exit}, but it depends on which shell you use.) On these
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systems, you can only get back to the shell from which Emacs was run
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(to log out, for example) when you kill Emacs.
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Suspending can fail if you run Emacs under a shell that doesn't
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support suspending programs, even if the system itself does support
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it. In such a case, you can set the variable @code{cannot-suspend} to
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a non-@code{nil} value to force @kbd{C-z} to start an inferior shell.
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(One might also describe Emacs's parent shell as ``inferior'' for
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failing to support job control properly, but that is a matter of
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taste.)
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On graphical displays, @kbd{C-z} has a different meaning: it runs
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the command @code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}, which temporarily
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iconifies (or ``minimizes'') the selected Emacs frame
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(@pxref{Frames}). Then you can use the window manager to get back to
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a shell window.
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@kindex C-x C-c
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@findex save-buffers-kill-emacs
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To exit and kill Emacs, type @kbd{C-x C-c}
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(@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}). A two-character key is used to make
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it harder to type by accident. This command first offers to save any
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modified file-visiting buffers. If you do not save them all, it asks
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for confirmation with @kbd{yes} before killing Emacs, since any
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changes not saved now will be lost forever. Also, if any subprocesses are
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still running, @kbd{C-x C-c} asks for confirmation about them, since
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killing Emacs will also kill the subprocesses.
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@vindex confirm-kill-emacs
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If the value of the variable @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is
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non-@code{nil}, @kbd{C-x C-c} assumes that its value is a predicate
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function, and calls that function. If the result is non-@code{nil}, the
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session is killed, otherwise Emacs continues to run. One convenient
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function to use as the value of @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is the
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function @code{yes-or-no-p}. The default value of
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@code{confirm-kill-emacs} is @code{nil}.
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You can't resume an Emacs session after killing it. Emacs can,
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however, record certain session information when you kill it, such as
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which files you visited, so the next time you start Emacs it will try
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to visit the same files. @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}.
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The operating system usually listens for certain special characters
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whose meaning is to kill or suspend the program you are running.
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@b{This operating system feature is turned off while you are in Emacs.}
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The meanings of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-x C-c} as keys in Emacs were
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inspired by the use of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c} on several operating
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systems as the characters for stopping or killing a program, but that is
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their only relationship with the operating system. You can customize
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these keys to run any commands of your choice (@pxref{Keymaps}).
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@ifnottex
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@lowersections
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@end ifnottex
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@ignore
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arch-tag: df798d8b-f253-4113-b585-f528f078a944
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@end ignore
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