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\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@setfilename ../info/ada-mode
@settitle Ada Mode
@comment !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
@comment The following lines inserts the copyright notice
@comment into the Info file.
@comment !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
@copying
Copyright @copyright{} 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and
``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
License'' in the Emacs manual.
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free
Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document
separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the
license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.
@end quotation
@end copying
@dircategory Emacs
@direntry
* Ada mode: (ada-mode). Emacs mode for editing Ada code.
@end direntry
@titlepage
@sp 10
@title{Ada Mode}
@sp 2
@subtitle An Emacs major mode for programming Ada 95 with GNAT
@subtitle July 1998 for Ada Mode Version 3.0
@sp 2
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage
@node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir)
@menu
* Overview::
* Installation:: Installing Ada mode on your system
* Customization:: Setting up Ada mode to your taste
* Project files:: Describing the organization of your project
* Syntax highlighting:: Using specific colors and fonts to highlight
the structure of your files
* Moving Through Ada Code:: Moving easily through Ada sources
* Identifier completion:: Finishing words automatically
* Index Menu of Subprograms:: A menu of all the types and subprograms
defined in your application
* File Browser:: Easy access to your files
* Automatic Smart Indentation:: Indenting your code automatically as you type
* Formatting Parameter Lists:: Formatting subprograms' parameter lists
automatically
* Automatic Casing:: Adjusting the case of words automatically
* Statement Templates:: Inserting code templates
* Comment Handling:: Reformatting comments easily
* Compiling Executing:: Working with your application within Emacs
* Debugging:: Debugging your application
* Using non-standard file names:: Configuring Emacs for special file names
* Working Remotely:: Working on a different machine
* Index::
@end menu
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Overview, Installation, Top, Top
@chapter Overview
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
The Emacs mode for programming in Ada 95 with GNAT helps the user in
understanding existing code and facilitates writing new code. It
furthermore provides some utility functions for easier integration of
standard Emacs features when programming in Ada.
@section General features:
@itemize @bullet
@item
full Integrated Development Environment:
@itemize @bullet
@item
support of ``project files'' for the configuration (directories,
compilation options,...)
@item
compiling and stepping through error messages.
@item
running and debugging your applications within Emacs.
@end itemize
@item
easy to use for beginners by pull-down menus,
@item
user configurable by many user-option variables.
@end itemize
@section Ada mode features that help understanding code:
@itemize @bullet
@item
functions for easy and quick stepping through Ada code,
@item
getting cross reference information for identifiers (e.g. find the
defining place by a keystroke),
@item
displaying an index menu of types and subprograms and move point to
the chosen one,
@item
automatic color highlighting of the various entities in Ada code.
@end itemize
@section Emacs support for writing Ada code:
@itemize @bullet
@item
switching between spec and body files with eventually
auto-generation of body files,
@item
automatic formatting of subprograms' parameter lists.
@item
automatic smart indentation according to Ada syntax,
@item
automatic completion of identifiers,
@item
automatic casing of identifiers, keywords, and attributes,
@item
insertion of statement templates,
@item
filling comment paragraphs like filling normal text,
@end itemize
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Installation, Customization, Overview, Top
@chapter Installation
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
If you got Ada mode as a separate distribution, you should have a
look at the @file{README} file. It explains the basic steps necessary
for a good installation of the emacs Ada mode.
Installing the Ada mode is basically just a matter of copying a few
files into the Emacs library directories. Every time you open a file
with a file extension of @file{.ads} or @file{.adb}, Emacs will
automatically load and activate Ada mode.
@xref{Using non-standard file names}, if your files do
not use these extensions and if you want Emacs to automatically start the
Ada mode every time you edit an Ada file.
Also, for general usage variables that you might want to set,
see
@iftex
@cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end iftex
@ifhtml
@cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifhtml
@ifinfo
@ref{Top, , The GNU Emacs Manual, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifinfo
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@section Required files
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
This Ada mode works best with Emacs 20.3 or higher (the easy editing
features for the project files won't work with any older version), but
most of the commands should work with older versions too. Please try to
install the most recent version of Emacs on your system before
installing Ada mode.
Although part of Ada mode is compiler-independent, the most advanced
features are specific to the Gnat compiler @url{http://www.gnat.com}.
The following files are provided with the Ada mode distribution:
@itemize @bullet
@item
@file{ada-mode.el}: The main file for Ada mode.
This is the only file which does not require Gnat. It contains the
functions for indentation, formatting of parameter lists, stepping
through code, comment handling and automatic casing. Emacs versions
20.2 and higher already contain Ada mode version 2.27, which is an older
version of this file and should be replaced. Loading @file{ada-mode.el}
from the current distribution supersedes the standard installation.
@item
@file{ada-stmt.el}: Contains the statement templates feature.
@item
@file{ada-xref.el}: This file provides the main support for Gnat.
This is where the functions for cross-references, completion of
identifiers, support for project files and compilation of your
application are defined.
@item
@file{ada-prj.el}: The functions to use for easy-edition of the
project files. This file is the only one which really requires Emacs
at least 20.2. It uses the new widget features from Emacs.
@end itemize
@c --------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Customization, Project files, Installation, Top
@chapter Customizing Ada mode
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ada mode is fully customizable. Everything, from the file names to
the automatic indentation and the automatic casing can be adapted to
your own needs.
There are two different kinds of variables that control this
customization, both are easy to modify.
The first set of variables are standard Emacs variables. Of course, some
are defined only for Ada mode, whereas others have a more general
meaning in Emacs. Please see the Emacs documentation for more
information on the latest. In this documentation, we will detail all the
variables that are specific to Ada mode, and a few others. The names
will be given, as in @code{ada-case-identifier}.
Emacs provides an easy way to modify them, through a special mode called
customization. To access this mode, select the menu
@samp{Ada->Customize}. This will open a new buffer with some fields that
you can edit. For instance, you will get something like:
@example
Put below the compiler switches.
comp_opt= _____________________________________
@end example
The first line gives a brief description of the variable. The second
line is the name of the variable and the field where you can give a
value for this variable. Simply type what you want in the field.
When you are finished modifying the variables, you can simply click on
the @b{Save for future sessions} button at the top of the buffer (click
with the middle mouse button). This will save the values in your
@file{.emacs} file, so that next time you start Emacs they will have the
same values.
To modify a specific variable, you can directly call the function
@code{customize-variable} from Emacs (just type @kbd{M-x
customize-variable @key{RET} @var{variable-name} @key{RET}}).
Some users might prefer to modify the variables directly in their
configuration file, @file{.emacs}. This file is coded in Emacs lisp, and
the syntax to set a variable is the following:
@example
(setq variable-name value)
@end example
The second set of variables for customization are set through the use of
project files. These variables are specific to a given project, whereas
the first set was more general. For more information, please
@xref{Project files}.
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Project files, Syntax highlighting, Customization, Top
@chapter Project files
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@section General overview
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Emacs provides a full Integrated Development Environment for GNAT and
Ada programmers. That is to say, editing, compiling, executing and
debugging can be performed within Emacs in a convenient and natural way.
To take full advantage of this features, it is possible to create a file
in the main directory of your application, with a @samp{.adp} extension.
This file contain all needed information dealing with the way your
application is organized between directories, the commands to compile,
run and debug it etc. Creating this file is not mandatory and convenient
defaults are automatically provided for simple setups. It only becomes
necessary when those above mentioned defaults need customizing.
A simple way to edit this file is provided for Emacs 20.2 or newer, with
the following functions, that you can access also through the Ada
menu. It is also possible to edit the project file as a regular text
file.
Once in the buffer for editing the project file, you can save your
modification using the @samp{[OK]} button at the bottom of the buffer, or
simply use the usual @kbd{C-x C-s} binding. To cancel your
modifications, simply kill the buffer or click on the @samp{[CANCEL]} button
at the button.
Each buffer using Ada mode will be associated with one project file when
there is one available, so that Emacs can easily navigate through
related source files for instance.
The exact algorithm to determine which project file should be used is
described in the next section, but you can force the project file you
want to use by setting one or two variables in your @file{.emacs} file.
@itemize @bullet
@item
To set up a default project file to use for any directory, anywhere
on your system, set the variable @code{ada-prj-default-project-file} to
the name of that file.
@example
(set 'ada-prj-default-project-file "/dir1/dir2/file")
@end example
@item
For finer control, you can set a per-directory project file.
This is done through the variable @code{ada-xref-default-prj-file}.
@example
(set 'ada-xref-default-prj-file
'(("/dir1/dir2" . "/dir3/file1")
("/dir4/dir5" . "/dir6/file2")))
@end example
Note: This has a higher priority than the first variable, so the first
choice is to use this variable settings, and otherwise
@code{ada-prj-default-project-file}.
@end itemize
@table @kbd
@item C-c u
@findex ada-customize
Create or edit the project file for the current buffer (@code{ada-customize}).
@item C-c c
@findex ada-change-prj
Change the project file associated with the current Ada buffer (@code{ada-change-prj}).
@item C-c d
@findex ada-change-default-project
Change the default project file for the current directory
(@code{ada-change-default-project}). Every new file opened from this
directory will be associated with that file by default.
@item ada-set-default-project-file
@findex ada-set-default-project-file
Set the default project file to use for *any* Ada file opened anywhere
on your system. This sets this file only for the current Emacs session.
@end table
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@section Project file variables
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
The following variables can be defined in a project file. They all have
a default value, so that small projects do not need to create a project
file.
Some variables below can be referenced in other variables, using a
shell-like notation. For instance, if the variable @code{comp_cmd}
contains a sequence like @code{$@{comp_opt@}}, the value of that variable
will be substituted.
Here is the list of variables:
@table @asis
@item @code{src_dir} [default: @code{"./"}]
This is a list of directories where Ada mode will look for source
files. These directories are used mainly in two cases, both as a switch
for the compiler and for the cross-references.
@item @code{obj_dir} [default: @code{"./"}]
This is a list of directories where to look for object and library
files. The library files are the @samp{.ali} files generated by Gnat
and that contain cross-reference informations.
@item @code{comp_opt} [default: @code{""}]
Creates a variable which can be referred to subsequently by using the
@code{$@{comp_opt@}} notation. This is intended to store the default
switches given to @command{gnatmake} and @command{gcc}.
@item @code{bind_opt=@var{switches}} [default: @code{""}]
Creates a variable which can be referred to subsequently by using the
@code{$@{bind_opt@}} notation. This is intended to store the default
switches given to @command{gnatbind}.
@item @code{link_opt=@var{switches}} [default: @code{""}]
Creates a variable which can be referred to subsequently by using the
@code{$@{link_opt@}} notation. This is intended to store the default
switches given to @command{gnatlink}.
@item @code{main=@var{executable}} [default: @code{""}]
Specifies the name of the executable for the application. This variable
can be referred to in the following lines by using the @code{$@{main@}}
notation.
@item @code{cross_prefix=@var{prefix}} [default: @code{""}]
This variable should be set if you are working in a cross-compilation
environment. This is the prefix used in front of the gnatmake commands.
@item @code{remote_machine=@var{machine}} [default: @code{""}]
This is the name of the machine to log into before issuing the
compilation command. If this variable is empty, the command will be
run on the local machine. This will not work on Windows NT machines,
since Ada mode will simply precede the compilation command with a
@command{rsh} command, unknown on Windows.
@item @code{comp_cmd=@var{command}} [default: @code{"$@{cross_prefix@}gcc -c -I$@{src_dir@} -g -gnatq"}]
Specifies the command used to compile a single file in the application.
The name of the file will be added at the end of this command.
@item @code{make_cmd=@var{command}} [default: @code{"$@{cross_prefix@}gnatmake $@{main@} -aI$@{src_dir@} -aO$@{obj_dir@} -g -gnatq -cargs $@{comp_opt@} -bargs $@{bind_opt@} -largs $@{link_opt@}"]}'
Specifies the command used to recompile the whole application.
@item @code{run_cmd=@var{command}} [default: @code{"$@{main@}"}]
Specifies the command used to run the application.
@item @code{debug_cmd=@var{command}} [default: @code{"$@{cross_prefix@}gdb $@{main@}"}]
Specifies the command used to debug the application
@end table
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@section Detailed algorithm
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
This section gives more details on the project file setup and is only of
interest for advanced users.
Usually, an Ada file is part of a larger application, whose sources and
objects can be spread over multiple directories. The first time emacs is
asked to compile, run or debug an application, or when a cross reference
function is used (goto declaration for instance), the following steps
are taken:
@itemize @bullet
@item
find the appropriate project file, open and parse it.
All the fields read in the project file are then stored by emacs
locally. Finding the project file requires a few steps:
@itemize @minus
@item
if a file from the same directory was already associated with
a project file, use the same one. This is the variable
@code{ada-xref-default-prj-file} described above.
@item
if the variable @code{ada-prj-default-project-file} is set,
use the project file specified in this variable.
@item
if there is a project file whose name is the same as the source file
except for the suffix, use this one.
@item
if there's only one project file in the source directory, use
that one.
@item
if there are more than one project file in the source directory,
ask the user.
@item
if there are no project files in the source directory use standard
default values.
@end itemize
The first project file that is selected in a given directory becomes the
default project file for this directory and is used implicitly for other
sources unless specified otherwise by the user.
@item
look for the corresponding @samp{.ali} file in the @code{obj_dir} defined
in the project file. If this file can not be found, emacs proposes to
compile the source using the @code{comp_cmd} defined in the project file
in order to create the ali file.
@item
when cross referencing is requested, the @samp{.ali} file is parsed to
determine the file and line of the identifier definition. It is
possible for the @samp{.ali} file to be older than the source file,
in which case it will be recompiled if the variable
@code{ada-xref-create-ali} is set, otherwise the reference is searched
in the obsolete ali file with possible inaccurate results.
@item
look for the file containing the declaration using the source
path @code{src_dir} defined in the project file. Put the cursor at the
correct position and display this new cursor.
@end itemize
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Syntax highlighting, Moving Through Ada Code, Project files, Top
@chapter Syntax highlighting
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ada mode is made to help you understand the structure of your source
files. Some people like having colors or different fonts depending on
the context: commands should be displayed differently than keywords,
which should also be different from strings, @dots{}
Emacs is able to display in a different way the following syntactic
entities:
@itemize @bullet
@item keywords
@item commands
@item strings
@item gnatprep statements (preprocessor)
@item types (under certain conditions)
@item other words
@end itemize
This is not the default behavior for Emacs. You have to explicitly
activate it. This requires that you add a new line in your @file{.emacs}
file (if this file does not exist, just create it).
@example
(global-font-lock-mode t)
@end example
But the default colors might not be the ones you like. Fortunately,
there is a very easy way to change them. Just select the menu
@samp{Help->Customize->Specific Face...} and press @key{RET}. This
will display a buffer will all the ``faces'' (the colors) that Emacs knows
about. You can change any of them.
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Moving Through Ada Code, Identifier completion, Syntax highlighting, Top
@chapter Moving Through Ada Code
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
There are several easy to use commands to stroll through Ada code. All
these functions are available through the Ada menu, and you can also use
the following key bindings or the command names:
@table @kbd
@item C-M-e
@findex ada-next-procedure
Move to the next function/procedure/task, which ever comes next
(@code{ada-next-procedure}).
@item C-M-a
@findex ada-previous-procedure
Move to previous function/procedure/task
(@code{ada-previous-procedure}).
@item M-x ada-next-package
@findex ada-next-package
Move to next package.
@item M-x ada-prev-package
@findex ada-prev-package
Move to previous package.
@item C-c C-a
@findex ada-move-to-start
Move to matching start of @code{end} (@code{ada-move-to-start}). If
point is at the end of a subprogram, this command jumps to the
corresponding @code{begin} if the user option
@code{ada-move-to-declaration} is @code{nil} (default), it jumps to
the subprogram declaration otherwise.
@item C-c C-e
@findex ada-move-to-end
Move point to end of current block (@code{ada-move-to-end}).
@item C-c o
Switch between corresponding spec and body file
(@code{ff-find-other-file}). If the cursor is on a subprogram, switch
between declaration and body.
@item C-c c-d
@findex ada-goto-declaration
Move from any reference to its declaration and switch between
declaration and body (for procedures, tasks, private and incomplete
types).
@item C-c C-r
@findex ada-find-references
runs the @file{gnatfind} command to search for all references to the
entity pointed by the cursor (@code{ada-find-references}). Use
@kbd{C-x `} (@code{next-error}) to visit each reference (as for
compilation errors).
@end table
These functions use the information in the output of the Gnat Ada
compiler. However, if your application was compiled with the
@samp{-gnatx} switch, these functions will not work, since no extra
information is generated by GNAT. See GNAT documentation for further
information.
Emacs will try to run Gnat for you whenever the cross-reference
informations are older than your source file (provided the
@code{ada-xref-create-ali} variable is non-@code{nil}). Gnat then produces a
file with the same name as the current Ada file but with the extension
changed to @file{.ali}. This files are normally used by the binder, but
they will also contain additional cross-referencing information.
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Identifier completion, Index Menu of Subprograms, Moving Through Ada Code, Top
@chapter Identifier completion
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@section Overview
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Emacs and Ada mode provide two general ways for the completion of
identifiers. This is an easy way to type faster: you just have to type
the first few letters of an identifiers, and then loop through all the
possible completions.
The first method is general for Emacs. It will work both with Ada
buffers, but also in C buffers, Java buffers, @enddots{} The idea is to parse
all the opened buffers for possible completions.
For instance, if the words @samp{my_identifier}, @samp{my_subprogram}
are the only words starting with @samp{my} in any of the opened files,
then you will have this scenario:
@quotation
You type: my@key{M-/}
Emacs inserts: @samp{my_identifier}
If you press @key{M-/} once again, Emacs replaces @samp{my_identifier} with
@samp{my_subprogram}.
Pressing @key{M-/} once more will bring you back to @samp{my_identifier}.
@end quotation
This is a very fast way to do completion, and the casing of words will
also be respected.
The second method is specific to Ada buffer, and even to users of the
Gnat compiler. Emacs will search the cross-information found in the
@samp{.ali} files generated by Gnat for possible completions.
The main advantage is that this completion is more accurate: only
existing identifier will be suggested, you don't need to have a file
opened that already contains this identifiers, @enddots{}
On the other hand, this completion is a little bit slower and requires
that you have compiled your file at least once since you created that
identifier.
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@section Summary of commands
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@table @kbd
@item C-@key{TAB}
@findex ada-complete-identifier
Complete accurately current identifier using information in @samp{.ali} file
(@code{ada-complete-identifier}).
@item M-/
Complete identifier using buffer information (not Ada-specific).
@end table
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Index Menu of Subprograms, File Browser, Identifier completion, Top
@chapter Index Menu of Subprograms
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
You can display a choice menu with all procedure/function/task
declarations in the file and choose an item by mouse click to get to its
declaration. This function is accessible through the @samp{Ada} menu when
editing a Ada file, or simply through the following key binding:
@table @kbd
@item C-S-Mouse-3
display index menu
@end table
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node File Browser, Automatic Smart Indentation, Index Menu of Subprograms, Top
@chapter File Browser
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Emacs provides a special mode, called @code{speedbar}. When this mode is
activated, a new frame is displayed, with a file browser. The files from
the current directory are displayed, and you can click on them as you
would with any file browser. The following commands are then available.
You can click on a directory name or file name to open it. The editor
will automatically select the best possible mode for this file,
including of course Ada mode for files written in Ada.
If you click on the @samp{[+]} symbol near a file name, all the symbols (types,
variables and subprograms) defined in that file will be displayed, and
you can directly click on them to open the right file at the right
place.
You can activate this mode by typing @key{M-x speedbar} in the editor.
This will open a new frame. A better way might be to associate the
following key binding
@example
(global-set-key [f7] 'speedbar-get-focus)
@end example
Every time you press @key{F7}, the mouse will automatically move to the
speedbar frame (which will be created if it does not exist).
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Automatic Smart Indentation, Formatting Parameter Lists, File Browser, Top
@chapter Automatic Smart Indentation
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ada mode comes with a full set of rules for automatic indentation.
You can of course configure the indentation as you want, by setting the
value of a few variables.
As always, the preferred way to modify variables is to use the
@samp{Ada->Customize} menu (don't forget to save your changes!). This
will also show you some example of code where this variable is used, and
hopefully make things clearer.
The relevant variables are the following:
@table @asis
@item @code{ada-broken-indent} (default value: 2)
Number of columns to indent the continuation of a broken line.
@item @code{ada-indent} (default value: 3)
Width of the default indentation.
@item @code{ada-indent-record-rel-type} (default value: 3)
Indentation for @code{record} relative to @code{type} or @code{use}.
@item @code{ada-indent-return} (default value: 0)
Indentation for @code{return} relative to @code{function} (if
@code{ada-indent-return} is greater than 0), or the open parenthesis
(if @code{ada-indent-return} is negative or null). Note that in the second
case, when there is no open parenthesis, the indentation is done
relative to @code{function} with the value of @code{ada-broken-indent}.
@item @code{ada-label-indent} (default value: -4)
Number of columns to indent a label.
@item @code{ada-stmt-end-indent} (default value: 0)
Number of columns to indent a statement @code{end} keyword on a separate line.
@item @code{ada-when-indent} (default value: 3)
Indentation for @code{when} relative to @code{exception} or @code{case}.
@item @code{ada-indent-is-separate} (default value: t)
Non-@code{nil} means indent @code{is separate} or @code{is abstract} if on a single line.
@item @code{ada-indent-to-open-paren} (default value: t)
Non-@code{nil} means indent according to the innermost open parenthesis.
@item @code{ada-indent-after-return} (default value: t)
Non-@code{nil} means that the current line will also be re-indented before
inserting a newline, when you press @key{RET}.
@end table
Most of the time, the indentation will be automatic, i.e when you will
press @key{RET}, the cursor will move to the correct column on the
next line.
However, you might want or need sometimes to re-indent the current line
or a set of lines. For this, you can simply go to that line, or select
the lines, and then press @key{TAB}. This will automatically re-indent
the lines.
Another mode of indentation exists that helps you to set up your
indentation scheme. If you press @kbd{C-c @key{TAB}}, Ada mode will do
the following:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Reindent the current line, as @key{TAB} would do.
@item
Temporarily move the cursor to a reference line, i.e., the line that
was used to calculate the current indentation.
@item
Display at the bottom of the window the name of the variable that
provided the offset for the indentation.
@end itemize
The exact indentation of the current line is the same as the one for the
reference line, plus an offset given by the variable.
Once you know the name of the variable, you can either modify it
through the usual @samp{Ada->Customize} menu, or by typing @kbd{M-x
customize-variable @key{RET}} in the Emacs window, and then give the
name of the variable.
@table @kbd
@item @key{TAB}
Indent the current line or the current region.
@item C-M-\
Indent lines in the current selected block.
@item C-c @key{TAB}
Indent the current line and prints the name of the variable used for
indentation.
@end table
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Formatting Parameter Lists, Automatic Casing, Automatic Smart Indentation, Top
@chapter Formatting Parameter Lists
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
To help you correctly align fields in a subprogram parameter list,
Emacs provides one function that will do most of the work for you.
This function will align the declarations on the colon (@samp{:})
separating argument names and argument types, plus align the
@code{in}, @code{out} and @code{in out} keywords if required.
@table @kbd
@item C-c C-f
@findex ada-format-paramlist
Format the parameter list (@code{ada-format-paramlist}).
@end table
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Automatic Casing, Statement Templates, Formatting Parameter Lists, Top
@chapter Automatic Casing
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Casing of identifiers, attributes and keywords is automatically
performed while typing when the variable @code{ada-auto-case} is set.
Every time you press a word separator, the previous word is
automatically cased.
You can customize the automatic casing differently for keywords,
attributes and identifiers. The relevant variables are the following:
@code{ada-case-keyword}, @code{ada-case-attribute} and
@code{ada-case-identifier}.
All these variables can have one of the following values:
@table @code
@item downcase-word
The previous word will simply be in all lower cases. For instance
@code{My_vARIable} is converted to @code{my_variable}.
@item upcase-word
The previous word will be fully converted to upper cases. For instance
@code{My_vARIable} is converted to @code{MY_VARIABLE}.
@item ada-capitalize-word
All letters, except the first one of the word and every letter after the
@samp{_} character are lower cased. Other letters are upper cased. For
instance @code{My_vARIable} is converted to @code{My_Variable}.
@item ada-loose-case-word
No letters is modified in the previous word, except the ones after the
@samp{_} character that are upper cased. For instance @code{My_vARIable} is
converted to @code{My_VARIable}.
@end table
These functions, although they will work in most cases, will not be
accurate sometimes. The Ada mode allows you to define some exceptions,
that will always be cased the same way.
The idea is to create a dictionary of exceptions, and store it in a
file. This file should contain one identifier per line, with the casing
you want to force. The default name for this file is
@file{~/.emacs_case_exceptions}. You can of course change this name,
through the variable @code{ada-case-exception-file}.
Note that each line in this file must start with the key word whose
casing you want to specify. The rest of the line can be used for
comments (explaining for instance what an abbreviation means, as
recommended in the Ada 95 Quality and Style, paragraph 3.1.4). Thus, a
good example for this file could be:
@example
DOD Department of Defense
Text_IO
GNAT The GNAT compiler from Ada Core Technologies
@end example
When working on project involving multiple programmers, we recommend
that every member of the team sets this variable to the same value,
which should point to a system-wide file that each of them can
write. That way, you will ensure that the casing is consistent
throughout your application(s).
@findex ada-create-case-exception
There are two ways to add new items to this file: you can simply edit it
as you would edit any text file, and add or suppress entries in this
file. Remember that you should put one entity per line. The other,
easier way, is to position the cursor over the word you want to add, in
an Ada buffer. This word should have the casing you want. Then simply
select the menu @samp{Ada->Edit->Create Case Exception}, or the key
@kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{ada-create-case-exception}). The word will
automatically be added to the current list of exceptions and to the file.
It is sometimes useful to have multiple exception files around (for
instance, one could be the standard Ada acronyms, the second some
company specific exceptions, and the last one some project specific
exceptions). If you set up the variable @code{ada-case-exception-file}
as a list of files, each of them will be parsed and used in your emacs
session.
However, when you save a new exception through the menu, as described
above, the new exception will be added to the first file in the list
only. You can not automatically add an exception to one of the other
files, although you can of course edit the files by hand at any time.
Automatic casing can be performed on port or whole buffer using:
@table @kbd
@item C-c C-b
@findex ada-adjust-case-buffer
Adjust case in the whole buffer (@code{ada-adjust-case-buffer}).
@item C-c C-y
Create a new entry in the exception dictionary, with the word under
the cursor (@code{ada-create-case-exception})
@item C-c C-t
@findex ada-case-read-exceptions
Rereads the exception dictionary from the file
@code{ada-case-exception-file} (@code{ada-case-read-exceptions}).
@end table
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Statement Templates, Comment Handling, Automatic Casing, Top
@chapter Statement Templates
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE: This features are not available on VMS for Emacs 19.28. The
functions used here do not exist on Emacs 19.28.
Templates exist for most Ada statements. They can be inserted in the
buffer using the following commands:
@table @kbd
@item C-c t b
@findex ada-exception-block
exception Block (@code{ada-exception-block}).
@item C-c t c
@findex ada-case
case (@code{ada-case}).
@item C-c t d
@findex ada-declare-block
declare Block (@code{ada-declare-block}).
@item C-c t e
@findex ada-else
else (@code{ada-else}).
@item C-c t f
@findex ada-for-loop
for Loop (@code{ada-for-loop}).
@item C-c t h
@findex ada-header
Header (@code{ada-header}).
@item C-c t i
@findex ada-if
if (@code{ada-if}).
@item C-c t k
@findex ada-package-body
package Body (@code{ada-package-body}).
@item C-c t l
@findex ada-loop
loop (@code{ada-loop}).
@item C-c p
@findex ada-subprogram-body
subprogram body (@code{ada-subprogram-body}).
@item C-c t t
@findex ada-task-body
task Body (@code{ada-task-body}).
@item C-c t w
@findex ada-while
while Loop (@code{ada-while}).
@item C-c t u
@findex ada-use
use (@code{ada-use}).
@item C-c t x
@findex ada-exit
exit (@code{ada-exit}).
@item C-c t C-a
@findex ada-array
array (@code{ada-array}).
@item C-c t C-e
@findex ada-elsif
elsif (@code{ada-elsif}).
@item C-c t C-f
@findex ada-function-spec
function Spec (@code{ada-function-spec}).
@item C-c t C-k
@findex ada-package-spec
package Spec (@code{ada-package-spec}).
@item C-c t C-p
@findex ada-procedure-spec
procedure Spec (@code{ada-package-spec}.
@item C-c t C-r
@findex ada-record
record (@code{ada-record}).
@item C-c t C-s
@findex ada-subtype
subtype (@code{ada-subtype}).
@item C-c t C-t
@findex ada-task-spec
task Spec (@code{ada-task-spec}).
@item C-c t C-u
@findex ada-with
with (@code{ada-with}).
@item C-c t C-v
@findex ada-private
private (@code{ada-private}).
@item C-c t C-w
@findex ada-when
when (@code{ada-when}).
@item C-c t C-x
@findex ada-exception
exception (@code{ada-exception}).
@item C-c t C-y
@findex ada-type
type (@code{ada-type}).
@end table
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Comment Handling, Compiling Executing, Statement Templates, Top
@chapter Comment Handling
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
By default, comment lines get indented like Ada code. There are a few
additional functions to handle comments:
@table @kbd
@item M-;
Start a comment in default column.
@item M-j
Continue comment on next line.
@item C-c ;
Comment the selected region (add -- at the beginning of lines).
@item C-c :
Uncomment the selected region
@item M-q
autofill the current comment.
@end table
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Compiling Executing, Debugging, Comment Handling, Top
@chapter Compiling Executing
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ada mode provides a much complete environment for compiling, debugging
and running an application within Emacs.
All the commands used by Emacs to manipulate your application can be
customized in the project file. Some default values are provided, but
these will likely not be good enough for a big or even medium-sized
project. See the section on the project file for an explanation on how
to set up the commands to use.
One of the variables you can set in your project file,
@code{cross_prefix}, indicates whether you are using a cross-compilation
environment, and if yes for which target. The default command used for
compilation will add this @code{cross_prefix} in front of the name:
@code{gcc} will become @code{cross_prefix}-@code{gcc}, @code{gnatmake}
will become @code{cross_prefix}-@code{gnatmake}, @enddots{}
This will also modify the way your application is run and debugged,
although this is not implemented at the moment.
Here are the commands for building and using an Ada application
@itemize @bullet
@item Compiling the current source
This command is issued when issuing the @code{compile} command from the
Ada menu. It compiles unconditionally the current source using the
@code{comp_cmd} variable of the project file. Compilation options can be
customized with the variable @code{comp_opt} of the project file.
Emacs will display a new buffer that contains the result of the
compilation. Each line associated with an error will become active: you
can simply click on it with the middle button of the mouse, or move the
cursor on it and press @key{RET}. Emacs will then display the
relevant source file and put the cursor on the line and column the error
was found at.
You can also simply press the @kbd{C-x `} key and Emacs will jump to the
first error. If you press that key again, it will move you to the second
error, and so on.
Some error messages might also include references to some files. These
references are also clickable in the same way.
@item (Re)building the whole application
This command is issued when you select the @code{build} command from the
Ada menu. It compiles all obsolete units of the current application
using the @code{make_cmd} variable of the project file. Compilation
options can be customized with the variable @code{comp_opt} of the
project file, binder options with @code{bind_opt} and linker options
with @code{link_opt}. The main unit of the application may be specified
with @code{main}.
The compilation buffer is also active in the same way it was for the above
command.
@item Running the application
This command is issued when you select the @code{run} command from the
Ada menu. It executes the current application in an emacs
buffer. Arguments can be passed through before executing. The execution
buffer allows for interactive input/output.
This command is not yet available in a cross-compilation
toolchain. Emacs would first need to log on the target before running
the application. This will be implemented in a future release of Gnat.
@end itemize
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Debugging, Using non-standard file names, Compiling Executing, Top
@chapter Debugging your application
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
You can set up in the project file a command to use to debug your
application. Emacs is compatible with a lot of debuggers, and provide an
easy interface to them.
This selection will focus on the gdb debugger, and two of the graphical
interfaces that exist for it.
In all cases, the main window in Emacs will be split in two: in the
upper buffer, the source code will appear, whereas the debugger
input/output window is displayed at the bottom. You can enter the
debugger commands as usual in the command window. Every time a new
source file is selected by the debugger (for instance as a result of a
@code{frame} command), the appropriate source file is displayed in the
upper buffer.
The source window is interactive: you can click on an identifier with the
right mouse button, and print its value in the debugger window. You can
also set a breakpoint simply by right-clicking on a line.
You can easily use Emacs as the source window when you are using a
graphical interface for the debugger. The interesting thing is that,
whereas you still have the graphical nifties, you can also you the
cross-references features that Ada mode provides to look at the
definition for the identifiers, @enddots{}
Here is how you can set up gdbtk and ddd for use with Emacs (These are
the commands you should setup in the project file):
@itemize @bullet
@item gdbtk
should be used with the switch @samp{--emacs_gdbtk}. It provides a nice
backtrace window, as well as a tasks window. You can click interactively
on both of them, and Emacs will display the source file on the correct
line.
@item ddd (Data Display Debugger)
should be used with the switches @samp{--tty} and
@samp{--fullname}. Whenever you print a variable from Emacs, it will
be displayed graphically in the data window.
@end itemize
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Using non-standard file names, Working Remotely, Debugging, Top
@chapter Using non-standard file names
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
By default, Emacs is configured to use the GNAT style file names, where
file names are the package names, and the extension for spec and bodies
are respectively @samp{.ads} and @samp{.adb}.
If you want to use other types of file names, you will need to modify
your @file{.emacs} file.
Adding new possible extensions is easy. Since Ada mode needs to know
how to go from the body to the spec (and back), you always have to
specify both. A function is provided with Ada mode to add new
extensions.
For instance, if your spec and bodies files are called
@file{@var{unit}_s.ada} and @file{@var{unit}_b.ada}, respectively, you
need to add the following to your @file{.emacs} file:
@example
(ada-add-extensions "_s.ada" "_b.ada")
@end example
Note that it is possible to redefine the extension, even if they already
exist, as in:
@example
(ada-add-extensions ".ads" "_b.ada")
(ada-add-extensions ".ads" ".body")
@end example
This simply means that whenever the ada-mode will look for the body for
a file whose extension is @file{.ads}, it will take the first available
file that ends with either @file{.adb} (standard), @file{_b.ada} or
@file{.body}.
If the filename is not the unit name, then things are a little more
complicated. You then need to rewrite the function
@code{ada-make-filename-from-adaname} (see the file @file{ada-mode.el}
for an example).
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Working Remotely, Index, Using non-standard file names, Top
@chapter Working Remotely
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
When you work on project that involve a lot of programmers, it is
generally the case that you will edit the files on your own machine, but
you want to compile, run and debug your application in another buffer.
Fortunately, here too Emacs provides a very convenient way to do this.
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@section Remote editing
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
First of all, the files do not need to be on your machine. Emacs can
edit any remote file, by doing transparent FTP sessions between your
machine and the remote machine that stores your files. This is a special
Emacs mode, called @code{ange-ftp}. To use it, you just have to use a
slightly different syntax when you open a file.
For instance, if you want to open the file @file{/work/foo.adb} on the machine
aleph.gnu.org, where you log in as qwe, you would simply do this:
@example
C-x C-f /qwe@@aleph.gnu.org:/work/foo.adb @key{RET}
@end example
@noindent
i.e., use your name, the name of the machine and the name of the file.
The first time, Emacs will ask you for a password that it will remember
until you close the current Emacs. Even if the ftp session times out,
you won't need to reenter your password.
Every time you save the file, Emacs will upload it to the remote machine
transparently. No file is modified on the local machine.
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@section Remote compiling
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
If the machine you want to compile on is not the one your Emacs is
running on, you can set the variable @code{remote_machine} in the
project file for your application.
This will force Emacs to issue a @command{rsh} command for the compilation,
instead of running it on the local machine. Unfortunately, this won't
work on Windows workstations, since this protocol is not supported.
@example
If your @code{remote_machine} is aleph.gnu.org and the standard
compilation command is @code{cd /work/ && gnatmake foo}, then Emacs will
actually issue the command @code{rsh aleph.gnu.org 'cd /work/ &&
gnatmake foo'}.
@end example
The advantage of using the @code{remote_machine} variable is that it is
easier to change that machine without having to modify the compilation
command.
Note that if you need to set up some environment variables before the
compilation, you need to insert a call to the appropriate initialization
script in the compilation command, for instance:
@example
build_cmd= initialization_script; cd /work/ && gnatmake foo
@end example
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@section Remote running and debugging
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
This feature is not completely implemented yet.
However, most of the time, you will be able to run your application
remotely simply by replacing it with a @command{rsh} call.
For instance, if your command was @code{$@{main@}}, you could replace it with
@code{rsh aleph.gnu.org $@{main@}}.
However, this would not work on vxworks, for instance, where
@command{rsh} is not supported.
@node Index, , Working Remotely, Top
@unnumbered Index
@printindex fn
@contents
@bye
@ignore
arch-tag: 68cf0d8a-55cc-4190-a28d-4984fa56ed1e
@end ignore
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