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416 lines
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416 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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@c Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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@c 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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@node Mac OS, Emacs and Microsoft Windows, Antinews, Top
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@appendix Emacs and Mac OS
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@cindex Mac OS
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@cindex Macintosh
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This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs
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under Mac OS with native window system support. For Mac OS X, Emacs
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can be built either without window system support, with X11, or with
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Carbon API. This section only applies to the Carbon build. For Mac
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OS Classic, Emacs can be built with or without Carbon API, and this
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section applies to either of them because they run on the native
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window system.
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Emacs built on Mac OS X supports most of its major features except
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display support of PostScript images. The following features of Emacs
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are not supported on Mac OS Classic: unexec (@code{dump-emacs}),
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asynchronous subprocesses (@code{start-process}), and networking
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(@code{open-network-stream}). As a result, packages such as Gnus,
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GUD, and Comint do not work. Synchronous subprocesses
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(@code{call-process}) are supported on non-Carbon build, but
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specially-crafted external programs are needed. Since external
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programs to handle commands such as @code{print-buffer} and
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@code{diff} are not available on Mac OS Classic, they are not
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supported. Non-Carbon build on Mac OS Classic does not support some
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features such as file dialogs, drag-and-drop, and Unicode menus.
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@menu
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* Input: Mac Input. Keyboard and mouse input on Mac.
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* Intl: Mac International. International character sets on Mac.
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* Env: Mac Environment Variables. Setting environment variables for Emacs.
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* Directories: Mac Directories. Volumes and directories on Mac.
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* Font: Mac Font Specs. Specifying fonts on Mac.
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* Functions: Mac Functions. Mac-specific Lisp functions.
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@end menu
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@node Mac Input
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@section Keyboard and Mouse Input on Mac
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@cindex Meta (Mac OS)
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@cindex keyboard coding (Mac OS)
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@vindex mac-control-modifier
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@vindex mac-command-modifier
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@vindex mac-option-modifier
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On Mac, Emacs can use @key{control}, @key{command}, and @key{option}
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keys as any of Emacs modifier keys except @key{SHIFT} (i.e.,
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@key{ALT}, @key{CTRL}, @key{HYPER}, @key{META}, and @key{SUPER}). The
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assignment is controlled by the variables @code{mac-control-modifier},
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@code{mac-command-modifier}, and @code{mac-option-modifier}. The
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value for each of these variables can be one of the following symbols:
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@code{alt}, @code{control}, @code{hyper}, @code{meta}, @code{super},
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and @code{nil} (no particular assignment). By default, the
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@key{control} key works as @key{CTRL}, and the @key{command} key as
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@key{META}.
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For the @key{option} key, if @code{mac-option-modifier} is set to
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@code{nil}, which is the default, the key works as the normal
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@key{option} key, i.e., dead-key processing will work. This is useful
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for entering non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin characters directly from the
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Mac keyboard, for example.
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Emacs recognizes the setting in the Keyboard control panel (Mac OS
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Classic) or the International system preference pane (Mac OS X) and
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supports international and alternative keyboard layouts (e.g., Dvorak)
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if its script is either Roman, Japanese, Traditional Chinese, Korean,
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Cyrillic, Simplified Chinese, or Central European. Keyboard layouts
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based on Unicode may not work properly. Selecting one of the layouts
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from the keyboard layout pull-down menu will affect how the keys typed
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on the keyboard are interpreted.
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@vindex mac-pass-command-to-system
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@vindex mac-pass-control-to-system
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Mac OS intercepts and handles certain key combinations (e.g.,
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@key{command}-@key{SPC} for switching input languages). These will not
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be passed to Emacs. One can disable this interception by setting
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@code{mac-pass-command-to-system} or @code{mac-pass-control-to-system}
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to @code{nil}.
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@vindex mac-emulate-three-button-mouse
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Especially for one-button mice, the multiple button feature can be
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emulated by setting @code{mac-emulate-three-button-mouse} to @code{t}
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or @code{reverse}. If set to @code{t} (@code{reverse}, respectively),
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pressing the mouse button with the @key{option} key is recognized as
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the second (third) button, and that with the @key{command} key is
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recognized as the third (second) button.
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@vindex mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2
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For multi-button mice, the wheel button and the secondary button are
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recognized as the second and the third button, respectively. If
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@code{mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2} is set to @code{nil}, their roles
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are exchanged.
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@node Mac International
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@section International Character Set Support on Mac
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@cindex Mac Roman coding system
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@cindex clipboard support (Mac OS)
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Mac uses non-standard encodings for the upper 128 single-byte
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characters. They also deviate from the ISO 2022 standard by using
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character codes in the range 128-159. The coding systems
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@code{mac-roman}, @code{mac-centraleurroman}, and @code{mac-cyrillic}
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are used to represent these Mac encodings.
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The fontset @code{fontset-standard} is created automatically when
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Emacs is run on Mac, and used by default. It displays as many kinds
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of characters as possible using 12-point Monaco as a base font. If
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you see some character as a hollow box with this fontset, then it's
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almost impossible to display it only by customizing font settings
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(@pxref{Mac Font Specs}).
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You can use input methods provided either by LEIM (@pxref{Input
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Methods}) or Mac OS to enter international characters. To use the
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former, see the International Character Set Support section of the
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manual (@pxref{International}).
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Emacs on Mac OS automatically changes the value of
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@code{keyboard-coding-system} according to the current keyboard
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layout. So users don't need to set it manually, and even if set, it
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will be changed when the keyboard layout change is detected next time.
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The Mac clipboard and the Emacs kill ring (@pxref{Killing}) are
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synchronized by default: you can yank a piece of text and paste it
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into another Mac application, or cut or copy one in another Mac
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application and yank it into a Emacs buffer. This feature can be
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disabled by setting @code{x-select-enable-clipboard} to @code{nil}.
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One can still do copy and paste with another application from the Edit
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menu.
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On Mac, the role of the coding system for selection that is set by
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@code{set-selection-coding-system} (@pxref{Communication Coding}) is
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two-fold. First, it is used as a preferred coding system for the
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traditional text flavor that does not specify any particular encodings
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and is mainly used by applications on Mac OS Classic. Second, it
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specifies the intermediate encoding for the UTF-16 text flavor that is
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mainly used by applications on Mac OS X.
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When pasting UTF-16 text data from the clipboard, it is first
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converted to the encoding specified by the selection coding system
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using the converter in the Mac OS system, and then decoded into the
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Emacs internal encoding using the converter in Emacs. If the first
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conversion failed, then the UTF-16 data is directly converted to Emacs
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internal encoding using the converter in Emacs. Copying UTF-16 text
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to the clipboard goes through the inverse path. The reason for this
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two-pass decoding is to avoid subtle differences in Unicode mappings
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between the Mac OS system and Emacs such as various kinds of hyphens,
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and to minimize users' customization. For example, users that mainly
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use Latin characters would prefer Greek characters to be decoded into
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the @code{mule-unicode-0100-24ff} charset, but Japanese users would
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prefer them to be decoded into the @code{japanese-jisx0208} charset.
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Since the coding system for selection is automatically set according
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to the system locale setting, users usually don't have to set it
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manually.
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The default language environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) is
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set according to the locale setting at the startup time. On Mac OS,
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the locale setting is consulted in the following order:
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@enumerate
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@item
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Environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE} and @env{LANG} as
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in other systems.
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@item
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Preference @code{AppleLocale} that is set by default on Mac OS X 10.3
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and later.
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@item
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Preference @code{AppleLanguages} that is set by default on Mac OS X
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10.1 and later.
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@item
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Variable @code{mac-system-locale} that is derived from the system
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language and region codes. This variable is available on all
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supported Mac OS versions including Mac OS Classic.
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@end enumerate
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The default values of almost all variables about coding systems are
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also set according to the language environment. So usually you don't
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have to customize these variables manually.
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@node Mac Environment Variables
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@section Environment Variables and Command Line Arguments.
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@cindex environment variables (Mac OS)
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On Mac OS X, when Emacs is run in a terminal, it inherits the values
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of environment variables from the shell from which it is invoked.
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However, when it is run from the Finder as a GUI application, it only
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inherits environment variable values defined in the file
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@file{~/.MacOSX/environment.plist} that affects all the applications
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invoked from the Finder or the @command{open} command.
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Command line arguments are specified like
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@example
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/Applications/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/Emacs -geometry 80x25 &
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@end example
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@noindent
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if Emacs is installed at @file{/Applications/Emacs.app}. If Emacs is
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invoked like this, then it also inherits the values of environment
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variables from the shell from which it is invoked.
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On Mac OS Classic, environment variables and command line arguments
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for Emacs can be set by modifying the @samp{STR#} resources 128 and
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129, respectively. A common environment variable that one may want to
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set is @samp{HOME}.
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The way to set an environment variable is by adding a string of the
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form
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@example
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ENV_VAR=VALUE
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@end example
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@noindent
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to resource @samp{STR#} number 128 using @code{ResEdit}. To set up the
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program to use unibyte characters exclusively, for example, add the
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string
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@example
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EMACS_UNIBYTE=1
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@end example
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@cindex Mac Preferences
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Although Emacs on Mac does not support X resources (@pxref{X
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Resources}) directly, one can use the Preferences system in place of X
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resources. For example, adding the line
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@example
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Emacs.cursorType: bar
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@end example
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@noindent
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to @file{~/.Xresources} in X11 corresponds to the execution of
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@example
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defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.cursorType bar
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@end example
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@noindent
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on Mac OS X. One can use boolean or numeric values as well as string
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values as follows:
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@example
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defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.toolBar -bool false
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defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.lineSpacing -int 3
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@end example
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@noindent
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Try @kbd{M-x man RET defaults RET} for the usage of the
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@command{defaults} command. Alternatively, if you have Developer
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Tools installed on Mac OS X, you can use Property List Editor to edit
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the file @file{~/Library/Preferences/org.gnu.Emacs.plist}.
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@node Mac Directories
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@section Volumes and Directories on Mac
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@cindex file names (Mac OS)
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This node applies to Mac OS Classic only.
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The directory structure in Mac OS Classic is seen by Emacs as
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@example
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/@var{volumename}/@var{filename}
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@end example
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So when Emacs requests a file name, doing file name completion on
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@file{/} will display all volumes on the system. You can use @file{..}
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to go up a directory level.
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On Mac OS Classic, to access files and folders on the desktop, look
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in the folder @file{Desktop Folder} in your boot volume (this folder
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is usually invisible in the Mac @code{Finder}).
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On Mac OS Classic, Emacs creates the Mac folder
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@file{:Preferences:Emacs:} in the @file{System Folder} and uses it as
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the temporary directory. Emacs maps the directory name @file{/tmp/}
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to that. Therefore it is best to avoid naming a volume @file{tmp}.
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If everything works correctly, the program should leave no files in it
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when it exits. You should be able to set the environment variable
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@code{TMPDIR} to use another directory but this folder will still be
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created.
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@node Mac Font Specs
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@section Specifying Fonts on Mac
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@cindex font names (Mac OS)
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It is rare that you need to specify a font name in Emacs; usually
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you specify face attributes instead. For example, you can use 14pt
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Courier by customizing the default face attributes for all frames:
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@lisp
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(set-face-attribute 'default nil :family "courier" :height 140)
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@end lisp
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@noindent
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Alternatively, an interactive one is also available
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(@pxref{Face Customization}).
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But when you do need to specify a font name in Emacs on Mac, use a
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standard X font name:
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@smallexample
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-@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{}
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@dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{charset}
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@end smallexample
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@noindent
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@xref{Font X}. Wildcards are supported as they are on X.
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Native Apple fonts in Mac Roman encoding has maker name @code{apple}
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and charset @code{mac-roman}. For example 12-point Monaco can be
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specified by the name @samp{-apple-monaco-*-12-*-mac-roman}. When
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using a particular size of scalable fonts, it must be specified in a
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format containing 14 @samp{-}s like
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@samp{-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman}.
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You can specify a @code{mac-roman} font for @acronym{ASCII}
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characters like
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@lisp
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(add-to-list
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'default-frame-alist
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'(font . "-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman"))
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@end lisp
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@noindent
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but that does not extend to ISO-8859-1: specifying a @code{mac-roman}
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font for Latin-1 characters introduces wrong glyphs.
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Native Apple Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Japanese,
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Korean, Central European, Cyrillic, Symbol, and Dingbats fonts have
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charsets @samp{big5-0}, @samp{gb2312.1980-0},
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@samp{jisx0208.1983-sjis} and @samp{jisx0201.1976-0},
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@samp{ksc5601.1989-0}, @samp{mac-centraleurroman},
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@samp{mac-cyrillic}, @samp{mac-symbol}, and @samp{mac-dingbats},
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respectively.
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Since Emacs as of the current version uses QuickDraw Text routines
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for drawing texts, only characters in the charsets listed above can be
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displayed with the OS-bundled fonts, even if other applications that
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use @acronym{ATSUI} or Cocoa can display variety of characters with
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them.
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The use of @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec} (@pxref{Defining
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Fontsets}) for defining fontsets often results in wrong ones
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especially when using only OS-bundled fonts. The recommended way is
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to create a fontset using @code{create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font}:
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@lisp
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(create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font
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"-apple-courier-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman"
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nil "foo")
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@end lisp
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@noindent
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and then optionally specifying Chinese, Japanese, or Korean font
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families using @code{set-fontset-font}:
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@lisp
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(set-fontset-font "fontset-foo"
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'chinese-gb2312 '("song" . "gb2312.1980-0"))
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@end lisp
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Single-byte fonts converted from GNU fonts in BDF format, which are not
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in the Mac Roman encoding, have foundry, family, and character sets
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encoded in the names of their font suitcases. E.g., the font suitcase
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@samp{ETL-Fixed-ISO8859-1} contains fonts which can be referred to by
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the name @samp{-ETL-fixed-*-iso8859-1}.
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@vindex mac-allow-anti-aliasing
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Emacs uses the QuickDraw text rendering by default. On Mac OS X
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10.2 and later, it can be changed so that it uses the Quartz 2D text
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rendering (aka CG text rendering) by setting
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@code{mac-allow-anti-aliasing} to @code{t}. However, it is reported
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to sometimes leave some garbages.
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@node Mac Functions
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@section Mac-Specific Lisp Functions
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@cindex Lisp functions specific to Mac OS
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@findex do-applescript
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The function @code{do-applescript} takes a string argument,
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executes it as an AppleScript command, and returns the result as a
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string.
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@findex mac-file-name-to-posix
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@findex posix-file-name-to-mac
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The function @code{mac-file-name-to-posix} takes a Mac file name and
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returns the GNU or Unix equivalent. The function
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@code{posix-file-name-to-mac} performs the opposite conversion. They
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are useful for constructing AppleScript commands to be passed to
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@code{do-applescript}.
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@findex mac-set-file-creator
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@findex mac-get-file-creator
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@findex mac-set-file-type
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@findex mac-get-file-type
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The functions @code{mac-set-file-creator},
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@code{mac-get-file-creator}, @code{mac-set-file-type}, and
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@code{mac-get-file-type} can be used to set and get creator and file
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codes.
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@findex mac-get-preference
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The function @code{mac-get-preference} returns the preferences value
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converted to a Lisp object for a specified key and application.
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@ignore
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arch-tag: a822c2ab-4273-4997-927e-c153bb71dcf6
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@end ignore
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