freebsd/libexec/rtld-elf/rtld.1

.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Paul Kranenburg
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.\"      This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.
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.Dd April 1, 2009
.Dt RTLD 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm ld-elf.so.1 ,
.Nm ld.so ,
.Nm rtld
.Nd run-time link-editor
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility is a self-contained shared object providing run-time
support for loading and link-editing shared objects into a process'
address space.
It is also commonly known as the dynamic linker.
It uses the data structures
contained within dynamically linked programs to determine which shared
libraries are needed and loads them using the
.Xr mmap 2
system call.
.Pp
After all shared libraries have been successfully loaded,
.Nm
proceeds to resolve external references from both the main program and
all objects loaded.
A mechanism is provided for initialization routines
to be called on a per-object basis, giving a shared object an opportunity
to perform any extra set-up before execution of the program proper begins.
This is useful for C++ libraries that contain static constructors.
.Pp
When resolving dependencies for the loaded objects,
.Nm
may be allowed to translate dynamic token strings in rpath and soname
by setting
.Fl "z origin"
option of the static linker
.Xr ld 1 .
The following strings are recognized now:
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa $PLATFORM"
.It Pa $ORIGIN
Translated to the full path of the loaded object.
.It Pa $OSNAME
Translated to the name of the operating system implementation.
.It Pa $OSREL
Translated to the release level of the operating system.
.It Pa $PLATFORM
Translated to the machine hardware platform.
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm
utility itself is loaded by the kernel together with any dynamically-linked
program that is to be executed.
The kernel transfers control to the
dynamic linker.
After the dynamic linker has finished loading,
relocating, and initializing the program and its required shared
objects, it transfers control to the entry point of the program.
.Pp
To locate the required shared objects in the file system,
.Nm
may use a
.Dq hints
file prepared by the
.Xr ldconfig 8
utility.
.Pp
The
.Nm
utility
recognizes a number of environment variables that can be used to modify
its behaviour.
On 64-bit architectures, the linker for 32-bit objects recognizes
all the environment variables listed below, but is being prefixed with
.Ev LD_32_ ,
for example:
.Ev LD_32_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS .
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Ev LD_LIBMAP_DISABLE"
.It Ev LD_DUMP_REL_POST
If set,
.Nm
will print a table containing all relocations after symbol
binding and relocation.
.It Ev LD_DUMP_REL_PRE
If set,
.Nm
will print a table containing all relocations before symbol
binding and relocation.
.It Ev LD_LIBMAP
A library replacement list in the same format as
.Xr libmap.conf 5 .
For convenience, the characters
.Ql =
and
.Ql \&,
can be used instead of a space and a newline.
This variable is parsed after
.Xr libmap.conf 5 ,
and will override its entries.
This variable is unset for set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.
.It Ev LD_LIBMAP_DISABLE
If set, disables the use of
.Xr libmap.conf 5
and
.Ev LD_LIBMAP .
This variable is unset for set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.
.It Ev LD_ELF_HINTS_PATH
This variable will override the default location of
.Dq hints
file.
This variable is unset for set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.
.It Ev LD_LIBRARY_PATH
A colon separated list of directories, overriding the default search path
for shared libraries.
This variable is unset for set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.
.It Ev LD_PRELOAD
A list of shared libraries, separated by colons and/or white space,
to be linked in before any
other shared libraries.
If the directory is not specified then
the directories specified by
.Ev LD_LIBRARY_PATH
will be searched first
followed by the set of built-in standard directories.
This variable is unset for set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.
.It Ev LD_BIND_NOW
When set to a nonempty string, causes
.Nm
to relocate all external function calls before starting execution of the
program.
Normally, function calls are bound lazily, at the first call
of each function.
.Ev LD_BIND_NOW
increases the start-up time of a program, but it avoids run-time
surprises caused by unexpectedly undefined functions.
.It Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS
When set to a nonempty string, causes
.Nm
to exit after loading the shared objects and printing a summary which includes
the absolute pathnames of all objects, to standard output.
.It Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL
When set to a nonempty string, causes
.Nm
to expand the summary to indicate which objects caused each object to
be loaded.
.It Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT1
.It Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT2
When set, these variables are interpreted as format strings a la
.Xr printf 3
to customize the trace output and are used by
.Xr ldd 1 Ns 's
.Fl f
option and allows
.Xr ldd 1
to be operated as a filter more conveniently.
If the dependency name starts with string
.Pa lib ,
.Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT1
is used, otherwise
.Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT2
is used.
The following conversions can be used:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Li %a
The main program's name
(also known as
.Dq __progname ) .
.It Li \&%A
The value of the environment variable
.Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_PROGNAME .
Typically used to print both the names of programs and shared libraries
being inspected using
.Xr ldd 1 .
.It Li %o
The library name.
.It Li %p
The full pathname as determined by
.Nm rtld Ns 's
library search rules.
.It Li %x
The library's load address.
.El
.Pp
Additionally,
.Ql \en
and
.Ql \et
are recognized and have their usual meaning.
.It Ev LD_UTRACE
If set,
.Nm
will log events such as the loading and unloading of shared objects via
.Xr utrace 2 .
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /var/run/ld-elf32.so.hints" -compact
.It Pa /var/run/ld-elf.so.hints
Hints file.
.It Pa /var/run/ld-elf32.so.hints
Hints file for 32-bit binaries on 64-bit system.
.It Pa /etc/libmap.conf
The libmap configuration file.
.It Pa /etc/libmap32.conf
The libmap configuration file for 32-bit binaries on 64-bit system.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ld 1 ,
.Xr ldd 1 ,
.Xr elf 5 ,
.Xr libmap.conf 5 ,
.Xr ldconfig 8