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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Time and the Arts</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>Time and the Arts</H1>
<P>
<H6>
@(#)Arts.htm 7.18
</H6>
</P>
<PRE>
Data on recordings of "Save That Time," Russ Long, Serrob Publishing, BMI:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artist: Karrin Allyson
CD: I Didn't Know About You
Copyright Date: 1993
Label: Concord Jazz, Inc.
ID: CCD-4543
Track Time: 3:44
Personnel: Karrin Allyson, vocal
Russ Long, piano
Gerald Spaits, bass
Todd Strait, drums
Notes: CD notes "additional lyric by Karrin Allyson;
arranged by Russ Long and Karrin Allyson"
ADO Rating: 1 star
<A HREF="http://205.186.189.2/cgi-win/amg.exe?sql=1A_IDR|||175928">AMG Rating: 3.5 stars</A>
Penguin Rating: 3.5 stars
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artist: Kevin Mahogany
CD: Double Rainbow
Copyright Date: 1993
Label: Enja Records
ID: ENJ-7097 2
Track Time: 6:27
Personnel: Kevin Mahogany, vocal
Kenny Barron, piano
Ray Drummond, bss
Ralph Moore, tenor saxophone
Lewis Nash, drums
ADO Rating: 1.5 stars
<A HREF="http://205.186.189.2/cgi-win/amg.exe?sql=1A_IDR|||262654">AMG Rating: unrated</A>
Penguin Rating: 3 stars
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artist: Joe Williams
CD: Here's to Life
Copyright Date: 1994
Label: Telarc International Corporation
ID: CD-83357
Track Time: 3:58
Personnel: Joe Williams, vocal
The Robert Farnon [39 piece] Orchestra
Notes: On-line information and samples available at
<A HREF="http://www.telarc.com/telarc/releases/release.req?ID=83357">http://telarc.dmn.com/telarc/releases/release.req?ID=83357</A>
ADO Rating: black dot
<A HREF="http://205.186.189.2/cgi-win/amg.exe?sql=1A_IDR|||194434">AMG Rating: 2 stars</A>
Penguin Rating: 3 stars
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artist: Charles Fambrough
CD: Keeper of the Spirit
Copyright Date: 1995
Label: AudioQuest Music
ID: AQ-CD1033
Track Time: 7:07
Personnel: Charles Fambrough, bass
Joel Levine, tenor recorder
Edward Simon, piano
Lenny White, drums
Marion Simon, percussion
Notes: On-line information and samples available at
<A HREF="http://wwmusic.com/~music/audioq/rel/1033.html">http://wwmusic.com/~music/audioq/rel/1033.html</A>
ADO Rating: 2 stars
<A HREF="http://205.186.189.2/cgi-win/AMG.exe?sql=1A_IDR|||224430">AMG Rating: unrated</A>
Penguin Rating: 3 stars
==========================================================================
Also of note:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artist: Holly Cole Trio
CD: Blame It On My Youth
Copyright Date: 1992
Label: Manhattan
ID: CDP 7 97349 2
Total Time: 37:45
Personnel: Holly Cole, voice
Aaron Davis, piano
David Piltch, string bass
Notes: Lyrical reference to "Eastern Standard Time" in
Tom Waits' "Purple Avenue"
ADO Rating: 2.5 stars
<A HREF="http://205.186.189.2/cgi-win/AMG.exe?sql=1A_IDR|||157959">AMG Rating: 2 stars</A>
Penguin Rating: unrated
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artist: Milt Hinton
CD: Old Man Time
Copyright Date: 1990
Label: Chiaroscuro
ID: CR(D) 310
Total Time: 149:38 (two CDs)
Personnel: Milt Hinton, bass
Doc Cheatham, Dizzy Gillespie, Clark Terry, trumpet
Al Grey, trombone
Eddie Barefield, Joe Camel (Flip Phillips), Buddy Tate,
clarinet and saxophone
John Bunch, Red Richards, Norman Simmons, Derek Smith,
Ralph Sutton, piano
Danny Barker, Al Casey, guitar
Gus Johnson, Gerryck King, Bob Rosengarden, Jackie Williams,
drums
Lionel Hampton, vibraphone
Cab Calloway, Joe Williams, vocal
Buck Clayton, arrangements
Notes: tunes include Old Man Time, Time After Time,
Sometimes I'm Happy,
A Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight,
Four or Five Times, Now's the Time,
Time on My Hands, This Time It's Us,
and Good Time Charlie
On-line samples available at
<A HREF="http://www.globalmusic.com/labels/chiaroscuro/chiaro_cd_gallery.html">http://www.globalmusic.com/labels/chiaroscuro/chiaro_cd_gallery.html</A>
ADO Rating: 3 stars
<A HREF="http://205.186.189.2/cgi-win/AMG.exe?sql=1A_IDR|||162344">AMG Rating: 4.5 stars</A>
Penguin Rating: 3 stars
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artist: Paul Broadbent
CD: Pacific Standard Time
Copyright Date: 1995
Label: Concord Jazz, Inc.
ID: CCD-4664
Total Time: 62:42
Personnel: Paul Broadbent, piano
Putter Smith, Bass
Frank Gibson, Jr., drums
Notes: The CD cover features an analemma for equation of time fans
ADO Rating: 1 star
<A HREF="http://205.186.189.2/cgi-win/AMG.exe?sql=1A_IDR|||223722">AMG Rating: 3 stars</A>
Penguin Rating: 3.5 stars
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artist: Anthony Braxton/Richard Teitelbaum
CD: Silence/Time Zones
Copyright Date: 1996
Label: Black Lion
ID: BLCD 760221
Total Time: 72:58
Personnel: Anthony Braxton, sporanino and alto saxophones,
contrebasse clarinet, miscellaneous instruments
Leo Smith, trumpet and miscellaneous instruments
Leroy Jenkins, violin and miscellaneous instruments
Richard Teitelbaum, modular moog and micromoog synthesizer
ADO Rating: black dot
<A HREF="http://205.186.189.2/cg/AMG_.exe?sql=A310757">AMG Rating: unrated</A>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artist: Jules Verne
Book: Le Tour du Monde en Quatre-Vingts Jours
(Around the World in Eighty Days)
Notes: Wall-clock time plays a central role in the plot.
European readers of the 1870s clearly held the U.S. press in
deep contempt; the protagonists cross the U.S. without once
reading a paper.
An on-line French-language version of the book
"with illustrations from the original 1873 French-language edition"
is available at
<A HREF="http://fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/tdm80j">http://fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/tdm80j</A>
An on-line English-language translation of the book is available at
<A HREF="http://www.literature.org/Works/Jules-Verne/eighty">http://www.literature.org/Works/Jules-Verne/eighty</A>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Film: Bell Science - About Time
Notes: The Frank Baxter/Richard Deacon extravaganza
Information on ordering is available at
<A HREF="http://www.videoflicks.com/VF/38/038332.htm">http://www.videoflicks.com/VF/38/038332.htm</A>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
The syndicated comic strip "Dilbert" featured an all-too-rare example of
time zone humor on 1998-03-14.
</PRE>
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@(#)README 7.8
@(#)README 7.10
"What time is it?" -- Richard Deacon as The King
"Any time you want it to be." -- Frank Baxter as The Scientist
(from the Bell System film on time)
(from the Bell System film "About Time")
The 1989 update of the time zone package featured
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ leap second information from its output files.
Be sure to read the comments in "Makefile" and make any changes
needed to make things right for your system.
To use the new functions, use a "-lz" option when compiling or linking.
To use the new functions, use a "-ltz" option when compiling or linking.
Historical local time information has been included here not because it
is particularly useful, but rather to:

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@ -1,40 +1,84 @@
@(#)Theory 7.4
@(#)Theory 7.6
These time and date functions are much like the System V Release 2.0 (SVR2)
time and date functions; there are a few additions and changes to extend
the usefulness of the SVR2 functions:
* In SVR2, time display in a process is controlled by the environment
variable TZ, which "must be a three-letter time zone name, followed
by a number representing the difference between local time and
Greenwich Mean Time in hours, followed by an optional three-letter
name for a daylight time zone;" when the optional daylight time zone is
present, "standard U.S.A. Daylight Savings Time conversion is applied."
This means that SVR2 can't deal with other (for example, Australian)
daylight savings time rules, or situations where more than two
----- Outline -----
Time and date functions
Names of time zone regions
Time zone abbreviations
----- Time and date functions -----
These time and date functions are upwards compatible with POSIX.1,
an international standard for Unix-like systems.
As of this writing, the current edition of POSIX.1 is:
Information technology --Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX (R))
-- Part 1: System Application Program Interface (API) [C Language]
ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996
ANSI/IEEE Std 1003.1, 1996 Edition
1996-07-12
POSIX.1 has the following properties and limitations.
* In POSIX.1, time display in a process is controlled by the
environment variable TZ. Unfortunately, the POSIX.1 TZ string takes
a form that is hard to describe and is error-prone in practice.
Also, POSIX.1 TZ strings can't deal with other (for example, Israeli)
daylight saving time rules, or situations where more than two
time zone abbreviations are used in an area.
* In SVR2, time conversion information is compiled into each program
that does time conversion. This means that when time conversion
The POSIX.1 TZ string takes the following form:
stdoffset[dst[offset],date[/time],date[/time]]
where:
std and dst
are 3 or more characters specifying the standard
and daylight saving time (DST) zone names.
offset
is of the form `[-]hh:[mm[:ss]]' and specifies the
offset west of UTC. The default DST offset is one hour
ahead of standard time.
date[/time],date[/time]
specifies the beginning and end of DST. If this is absent,
the system supplies its own rules for DST, and these can
differ from year to year; typically US DST rules are used.
time
takes the form `hh:[mm[:ss]]' and defaults to 02:00.
date
takes one of the following forms:
Jn (1<=n<=365)
origin-1 day number not counting February 29
n (0<=n<=365)
origin-0 day number counting February 29 if present
Mm.n.d (0[Sunday]<=d<=6[Saturday], 1<=n<=5, 1<=m<=12)
for the dth day of week n of month m of the year,
where week 1 is the first week in which day d appears,
and `5' stands for the last week in which day d appears
(which may be either the 4th or 5th week).
* In POSIX.1, when a TZ value like "EST5EDT" is parsed,
typically the current US DST rules are used,
but this means that the US DST rules are compiled into each program
that does time conversion. This means that when US time conversion
rules change (as in the United States in 1987), all programs that
do time conversion must be recompiled to ensure proper results.
* In SVR2, time conversion fails for near-minimum or near-maximum
time_t values when doing conversions for places that don't use GMT.
* In SVR2, there's no tamper-proof way for a process to learn the
* In POSIX.1, there's no tamper-proof way for a process to learn the
system's best idea of local wall clock. (This is important for
applications that an administrator wants used only at certain times--
without regard to whether the user has fiddled the "TZ" environment
variable. While an administrator can "do everything in GMT" to get
variable. While an administrator can "do everything in UTC" to get
around the problem, doing so is inconvenient and precludes handling
daylight savings time shifts--as might be required to limit phone
daylight saving time shifts--as might be required to limit phone
calls to off-peak hours.)
* These functions can account for leap seconds, thanks to Bradley White
(bww@k.cs.cmu.edu).
* POSIX.1 requires that systems ignore leap seconds.
These are the changes that have been made to the SVR2 functions:
These are the extensions that have been made to the POSIX.1 functions:
* The "TZ" environment variable is used in generating the name of a file
from which time zone information is read (or is interpreted a la
@ -62,13 +106,12 @@ These are the changes that have been made to the SVR2 functions:
* To handle places where more than two time zone abbreviations are used,
the functions "localtime" and "gmtime" set tzname[tmp->tm_isdst]
(where "tmp" is the value the function returns) to the time zone
abbreviation to be used. This differs from SVR2, where the elements
abbreviation to be used. This differs from POSIX.1, where the elements
of tzname are only changed as a result of calls to tzset.
* Since the "TZ" environment variable can now be used to control time
conversion, the "daylight" and "timezone" variables are no longer
needed or supported. (You can use a compile-time option to cause
these variables to be defined and to be set by "tzset"; however, their
needed. (These variables are defined and set by "tzset"; however, their
values will not be used by "localtime.")
* The "localtime" function has been set up to deliver correct results
@ -86,9 +129,21 @@ These are the changes that have been made to the SVR2 functions:
environment variable; portable applications should not, however, rely
on this behavior since it's not the way SVR2 systems behave.)
Points of interest to folks with Version 7 or BSD systems:
* These functions can account for leap seconds, thanks to Bradley White
(bww@k.cs.cmu.edu).
* The BSD "timezone" function is not present in this package;
Points of interest to folks with other systems:
* This package is already part of many POSIX-compliant hosts,
including BSD, HP, Linux, Network Appliance, SCO, SGI, and Sun.
On such hosts, the primary use of this package
is to update obsolete time zone rule tables.
To do this, you may need to compile the time zone compiler
`zic' supplied with this package instead of using the system `zic',
since the format of zic's input changed slightly in late 1994,
and many vendors still do not support the new input format.
* The Unix Version 7 "timezone" function is not present in this package;
it's impossible to reliably map timezone's arguments (a "minutes west
of GMT" value and a "daylight saving time in effect" flag) to a
time zone abbreviation, and we refuse to guess.
@ -97,12 +152,13 @@ Points of interest to folks with Version 7 or BSD systems:
zone abbreviation to use. Alternatively, use
localtime(&clock)->tm_zone if this has been enabled.
* The BSD gettimeofday function is not used in this package;
this lets users control the time zone used in doing time conversions.
Users who don't try to control things (that is, users who do not set
the environment variable TZ) get the time conversion specified in the
file "/etc/zoneinfo/localtime"; see the time zone compiler writeup for
information on how to initialize this file.
* The 4.2BSD gettimeofday function is not used in this package.
This formerly let users obtain the current UTC offset and DST flag,
but this functionality was removed in later versions of BSD.
* In SVR2, time conversion fails for near-minimum or near-maximum
time_t values when doing conversions for places that don't use UTC.
This package takes care to do these conversions correctly.
The functions that are conditionally compiled if STD_INSPIRED is defined
should, at this point, be looked on primarily as food for thought. They are
@ -115,6 +171,115 @@ Hewlett Packard, offer a wider selection of functions that provide capabilities
beyond those provided here. The absence of such functions from this package
is not meant to discourage the development, standardization, or use of such
functions. Rather, their absence reflects the decision to make this package
close to SVR2 (with the exceptions outlined above) to ensure its broad
contain valid extensions to POSIX.1, to ensure its broad
acceptability. If more powerful time conversion functions can be standardized,
so much the better.
----- Names of time zone rule files -----
The names of this package's installed time zone rule files are chosen to
help minimize possible future incompatibilities due to political events.
Ordinarily, names of countries are not used, to avoid incompatibilities
when countries change their name (e.g. Zaire->Congo) or
when locations change countries (e.g. Hong Kong from UK colony to China).
Names normally have the form AREA/LOCATION, where AREA is the name
of a continent or ocean, and LOCATION is the name of a specific
location within that region. North and South America share the same
area, `America'. Typical names are `Africa/Cairo', `America/New_York',
and `Pacific/Honolulu'.
Here are the general rules used for choosing location names,
in decreasing order of importance:
Use only valid Posix file names. Use only Ascii letters, digits, `.',
`-' and `_'. Do not exceed 14 characters or start with `-'.
E.g. prefer `Brunei' to `Bandar_Seri_Begawan'.
Include at least one location per time zone rule set per country.
One such location is enough.
If all the clocks in a country's region have agreed since 1970,
don't bother to include more than one location
even if subregions' clocks disagreed before 1970.
Otherwise these tables would become annoyingly large.
If a name is ambiguous, use a less ambiguous alternative;
e.g. many cities are named San Jose and Georgetown, so
prefer `Costa_Rica' to `San_Jose' and `Guyana' to `Georgetown'.
Keep locations compact. Use cities or small islands, not countries
or regions, so that any future time zone changes do not split
locations into different time zones. E.g. prefer `Paris'
to `France', since France has had multiple time zones.
Use traditional English spelling, e.g. prefer `Rome' to `Roma', and
prefer `Athens' to the true name (which uses Greek letters).
The Posix file name restrictions encourage this rule.
Use the most populous among locations in a country's time zone,
e.g. prefer `Shanghai' to `Beijing'. Among locations with
similar populations, pick the best-known location,
e.g. prefer `Rome' to `Milan'.
Use the singular form, e.g. prefer `Canary' to `Canaries'.
Omit common suffixes like `_Islands' and `_City', unless that
would lead to ambiguity. E.g. prefer `Cayman' to
`Cayman_Islands' and `Guatemala' to `Guatemala_City',
but prefer `Mexico_City' to `Mexico' because the country
of Mexico has several time zones.
Use `_' to represent a space.
Omit `.' from abbreviations in names, e.g. prefer `St_Helena'
to `St._Helena'.
The file `zone.tab' lists the geographical locations used to name
time zone rule files.
Older versions of this package used a different naming scheme,
and these older names are still supported.
See the file `backwards' for most of these older names
(e.g. `US/Eastern' instead of `America/New_York').
The other old-fashioned names still supported are
`WET', `CET', `MET', `EET' (see the file `europe'),
and `Factory' (see the file `factory').
----- Time zone abbreviations -----
When this package is installed, it generates time zone abbreviations
like `EST' to be compatible with human tradition and POSIX.1.
Here are the general rules used for choosing time zone abbreviations,
in decreasing order of importance:
Use abbreviations that consist of 3 or more upper-case Ascii letters,
except use "___" for locations while uninhabited.
Posix.1 requires at least 3 characters, and the restriction to
upper-case Ascii letters follows most traditions.
Previous editions of this database also used characters like
' ' and '?', but these characters have a special meaning to
the shell and cause commands like
set `date`
to have unexpected effects. In theory, the character set could
be !%./@A-Z^_a-z{}, but these tables use only upper-case
Ascii letters (and "___").
Use abbreviations that are in common use among English-speakers,
e.g. `EST' for Eastern Standard Time in North America.
We assume that applications translate them to other languages
as part of the normal localization process; for example,
a French application might translate `EST' to `HNE'.
For zones whose times are taken from a city's longitude, use the
traditional xMT notation, e.g. `PMT' for Paris Mean Time.
The only name like this in current use is `GMT'.
If there is no common English abbreviation, abbreviate the English
translation of the usual phrase used by native speakers.
If this is not available or is a phrase mentioning the country
(e.g. ``Cape Verde Time''), then:
When a country has a single or principal time zone region,
append `T' to the country's ISO code, e.g. `CVT' for
Cape Verde Time. For summer time append `ST';
for double summer time append `DST'; etc.
When a country has multiple time zones, take the first three
letters of an English place name identifying each zone
and then append `T', `ST', etc. as before;
e.g. `VLAST' for VLAdivostok Summer Time.
Application writers should note that these abbreviations are ambiguous
in practice: e.g. `EST' has a different meaning in Australia than
it does in the United States. In new applications, it's often better
to use numeric UTC offsets like `-0500' instead of time zone
abbreviations like `EST'; this avoids the ambiguity.

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Sources for Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time Data</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>Sources for Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time Data</H1>
<P>
<H6>
@(#)WWW.htm 7.16
</H6>
<H2>Paul Eggert writes:</H2><P>
The public-domain tz database contains code and data
that represent the history of local time
for many representative locations around the globe.
It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by political bodies
to UTC offsets and daylight-saving rules.
This database (often called <samp>zoneinfo</samp>)
is used by several implementations,
including BSD, DJGPP, GNU/Linux, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris, and UnixWare.
In the tz database's
<A HREF="ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/">FTP distribution</A>,
the code is in the file <samp>tzcode<var>C</var>.tar.gz</samp>,
where <samp><var>C</var></samp> is the code's version;
similarly, the data are in <samp>tzdata<var>D</var>.tar.gz</samp>,
where <samp><var>D</var></samp> is the data's version.
<P>
The <A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE">GNU C Library</A>
has an independent, thread-safe implementation of
a time zone file reader.
This library is freely available under the GNU Library General Public License,
and is widely used in GNU/Linux systems.
<P>
The Web has several other sources for time zone and daylight saving time data.
Here are some recent links that may be of interest.
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="http://www.bsdi.com/date">Date and Time Gateway</A>
is a text-based source for tables of current time throughout the world.
Its point-and-click interface accesses a recent version of the tz data.
<LI><A HREF="http://www.worldtime.com/">WORLDTIME: interactive atlas,
time info, public holidays</A>
contains information on local time, sunrise and sunset,
and public holidays in several hundred cities around the world.
<LI><A HREF="http://www.hilink.com.au/times/">Local Times Around the World</A>
is a text-based system containing links to local time servers
throughout the world; though the coverage is limited,
the live data provide a nice way to check one's tables.
<LI><A HREF="http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/tzones.html">World Time Zones</A>
contains US Naval Observatory data, used as the source
for the <samp>usno*</samp> files.
<LI>The United States Central Intelligence agency publishes time zone maps;
the
<A HREF="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/world_maps.html">
Perry-Casta&ntilde;eda Library Map Collection</A>
of the University of Texas at Austin has on-line copies of
the 1995 and 1997 editions.
The pictorial quality is good,
but the maps do not indicate summer time,
and parts of the data are a few years out of date.
<LI><A HREF="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/toi.html">The
Time of Internet</A>
contains good descriptions of Time Zones and daylight saving time,
with diagrams.
The time zone map is out of date, however.
<LI><A HREF="http://ecco.bsee.swin.edu.au/chronos/GMT-explained.html">A
Few Facts Concerning GMT, UT, and the RGO</A>
answers questions like ``What is the difference between GMT and UTC?''
<LI><A HREF="http://www.energy.ca.gov/daylightsaving.html">Daylight
Saving Time -- Saving Time, Saving Energy</A>
is a history of DST in the US.
<LI><A HREF="http://dir.yahoo.com/Science/Measurements_and_Units/Time/Time_Zones/">Yahoo! - Science:Measurements and Units:Time:Time Zones</A>
is where the famous Internet indexing service Yahoo! collects its time zone
info.
<LI>The <A HREF="http://www.iata.org/">International Air Transport Association</A>
publishes the IATA Standard Schedules Information Manual (SSIM),
which gives current time zone rules for
all the airports served by commercial aviation.
<LI><A HREF="http://hpiers.obspm.fr/webiers/results/bul/README.html">Bulletins
of IERS</A> contains official publications of the
International Earth Rotation Service, the committee that decides
when leap seconds occur.
</UL>
<P>
-- <A HREF="mailto:eggert@twinsun.com">eggert@twinsun.com</A>
(1998-09-22)
</P>
<H2>Arthur David Olson writes:</H2><P>
A good source of information about ISO 8601 seems to be
<A HREF="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html">International
Standard Date and Time Notation</A>
maintained by Markus Kuhn.
<P>
-- <A HREF="mailto:arthur_david_olson@nih.gov">arthur_david_olson@nih.gov</A>
(1996-01-04)
</P>
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