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fbbd9655e5
Renumber cluase 4 to 3, per what everybody else did when BSD granted them permission to remove clause 3. My insistance on keeping the same numbering for legal reasons is too pedantic, so give up on that point. Submitted by: Jan Schaumann <jschauma@stevens.edu> Pull Request: https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/pull/96
507 lines
13 KiB
Groff
507 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)route.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd November 11, 2014
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.Dt ROUTE 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm route
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.Nd manually manipulate the routing tables
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl dnqtv
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.Ar command
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.Oo
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.Op Ar modifiers
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.Ar args
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.Oc
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility is used to manually manipulate the network
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routing tables.
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It normally is not needed, as a
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system routing table management daemon, such as
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.Xr routed 8 ,
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should tend to this task.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility supports a limited number of general options,
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but a rich command language, enabling the user to specify
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any arbitrary request that could be delivered via the
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programmatic interface discussed in
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.Xr route 4 .
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.Pp
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The following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl 4
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Specify
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.Cm inet
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address family as family hint for subcommands.
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.It Fl 6
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Specify
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.Cm inet
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address family as family hint for subcommands.
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.It Fl d
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Run in debug-only mode, i.e., do not actually modify the routing table.
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.It Fl n
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Bypass attempts to print host and network names symbolically
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when reporting actions.
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(The process of translating between symbolic
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names and numerical equivalents can be quite time consuming, and
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may require correct operation of the network; thus it may be expedient
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to forget this, especially when attempting to repair networking operations).
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.It Fl t
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Run in test-only mode.
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.Pa /dev/null
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is used instead of a socket.
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.It Fl v
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(verbose) Print additional details.
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.It Fl q
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Suppress all output from the
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.Cm add , change , delete ,
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and
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.Cm flush
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commands.
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.El
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility provides the following commands:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Cm add
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Add a route.
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.It Cm flush
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Remove all routes.
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.It Cm delete
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Delete a specific route.
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.It Cm del
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Another name for the
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.Cm delete
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command.
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.It Cm change
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Change aspects of a route (such as its gateway).
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.It Cm get
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Lookup and display the route for a destination.
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.It Cm monitor
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Continuously report any changes to the routing information base,
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routing lookup misses, or suspected network partitionings.
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.It Cm show
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Another name for the
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.Cm get
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command.
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.El
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.Pp
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The monitor command has the syntax:
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.Pp
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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.Cm monitor Op Fl fib Ar number
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The flush command has the syntax:
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.Pp
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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.Nm
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.Oo Fl n Cm flush Oc Oo Ar family Oc Op Fl fib Ar number
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If the
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.Cm flush
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command is specified,
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.Nm
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will ``flush'' the routing tables of all gateway entries.
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When the address family may is specified by any of the
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.Fl osi ,
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.Fl xns ,
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.Fl inet6 ,
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or
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.Fl inet
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modifiers, only routes having destinations with addresses in the
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delineated family will be deleted.
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Additionally,
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.Fl 4
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or
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.Fl 6
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can be used as aliases for
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.Fl inet
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and
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.Fl inet6
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modifiers.
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When a
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.Fl fib
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option is specified, the operation will be applied to
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the specified FIB
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.Pq routing table .
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.Pp
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The other commands have the following syntax:
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.Pp
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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.Ar command
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.Op Fl net No \&| Fl host
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.Ar destination gateway
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.Op Ar netmask
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.Op Fl fib Ar number
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.Ed
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.Pp
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where
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.Ar destination
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is the destination host or network,
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.Ar gateway
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is the next-hop intermediary via which packets should be routed.
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Routes to a particular host may be distinguished from those to
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a network by interpreting the Internet address specified as the
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.Ar destination
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argument.
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl net
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and
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.Fl host
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force the destination to be interpreted as a network or a host, respectively.
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Otherwise, if the
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.Ar destination
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has a
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.Dq local address part
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of
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INADDR_ANY
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.Pq Li 0.0.0.0 ,
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or if the
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.Ar destination
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is the symbolic name of a network, then the route is
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assumed to be to a network; otherwise, it is presumed to be a
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route to a host.
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Optionally, the
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.Ar destination
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could also be specified in the
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.Ar net Ns / Ns Ar bits
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format.
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.Pp
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For example,
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.Li 128.32
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is interpreted as
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.Fl host Li 128.0.0.32 ;
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.Li 128.32.130
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is interpreted as
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.Fl host Li 128.32.0.130 ;
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.Fl net Li 128.32
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is interpreted as
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.Li 128.32.0.0;
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.Fl net Li 128.32.130
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is interpreted as
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.Li 128.32.130.0;
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and
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.Li 192.168.64/20
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is interpreted as
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.Fl net Li 192.168.64 Fl netmask Li 255.255.240.0 .
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.Pp
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A
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.Ar destination
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of
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.Ar default
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is a synonym for the default route.
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For
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.Li IPv4
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it is
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.Fl net Fl inet Li 0.0.0.0 ,
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and for
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.Li IPv6
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it is
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.Fl net Fl inet6 Li :: .
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.Pp
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If the destination is directly reachable
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via an interface requiring
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no intermediary system to act as a gateway, the
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.Fl interface
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modifier should be specified;
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the gateway given is the address of this host on the common network,
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indicating the interface to be used for transmission.
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Alternately, if the interface is point to point the name of the interface
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itself may be given, in which case the route remains valid even
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if the local or remote addresses change.
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.Pp
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl xns ,
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.Fl osi ,
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and
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.Fl link
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specify that all subsequent addresses are in the
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.Tn XNS
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or
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.Tn OSI
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address families,
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or are specified as link-level addresses,
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and the names must be numeric specifications rather than
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symbolic names.
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.Pp
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The optional
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.Fl netmask
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modifier is intended
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to achieve the effect of an
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.Tn OSI
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.Tn ESIS
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redirect with the netmask option,
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or to manually add subnet routes with
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netmasks different from that of the implied network interface
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(as would otherwise be communicated using the OSPF or ISIS routing protocols).
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One specifies an additional ensuing address parameter
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(to be interpreted as a network mask).
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The implicit network mask generated in the AF_INET case
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can be overridden by making sure this option follows the destination parameter.
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.Pp
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For
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.Dv AF_INET6 ,
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the
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.Fl prefixlen
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qualifier
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is available instead of the
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.Fl mask
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qualifier because non-continuous masks are not allowed in IPv6.
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For example,
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.Fl prefixlen Li 32
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specifies network mask of
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.Li ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
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to be used.
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The default value of prefixlen is 64 to get along with
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the aggregatable address.
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But 0 is assumed if
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.Cm default
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is specified.
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Note that the qualifier works only for
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.Dv AF_INET6
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address family.
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.Pp
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Routes have associated flags which influence operation of the protocols
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when sending to destinations matched by the routes.
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These flags may be set (or sometimes cleared)
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by indicating the following corresponding modifiers:
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.Bd -literal
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-xresolve RTF_XRESOLVE - emit mesg on use (for external lookup)
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-iface ~RTF_GATEWAY - destination is directly reachable
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-static RTF_STATIC - manually added route
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-nostatic ~RTF_STATIC - pretend route added by kernel or daemon
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-reject RTF_REJECT - emit an ICMP unreachable when matched
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-blackhole RTF_BLACKHOLE - silently discard pkts (during updates)
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-proto1 RTF_PROTO1 - set protocol specific routing flag #1
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-proto2 RTF_PROTO2 - set protocol specific routing flag #2
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl rtt ,
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.Fl rttvar ,
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.Fl sendpipe ,
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.Fl recvpipe ,
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.Fl mtu ,
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.Fl hopcount ,
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.Fl expire ,
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and
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.Fl ssthresh
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provide initial values to quantities maintained in the routing entry
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by transport level protocols, such as TCP or TP4.
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These may be individually locked by preceding each such modifier to
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be locked by
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the
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.Fl lock
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meta-modifier, or one can
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specify that all ensuing metrics may be locked by the
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.Fl lockrest
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meta-modifier.
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.Pp
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Note that
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.Fl expire
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accepts expiration time of the route as the number of seconds since the
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Epoch
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.Pq see Xr time 3 .
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When the first character of the number is
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.Dq +
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or
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.Dq - ,
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it is interpreted as a value relative to the current time.
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.Pp
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The optional modifier
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.Fl fib Ar number
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specifies that the command will be applied to a non-default FIB.
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The
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.Ar number
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must be smaller than the
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.Va net.fibs
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.Xr sysctl 8
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MIB.
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When this modifier is not specified,
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or a negative number is specified,
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the default FIB shown in the
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.Va net.my_fibnum
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.Xr sysctl 8
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MIB will be used.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar number
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allows multiple FIBs by a comma-separeted list and/or range
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specification.
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The
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.Qq Fl fib Li 2,4,6
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means the FIB number 2, 4, and 6.
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The
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.Qq Fl fib Li 1,3-5,6
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means the 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
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.Pp
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In a
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.Cm change
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or
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.Cm add
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command where the destination and gateway are not sufficient to specify
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the route (as in the
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.Tn ISO
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case where several interfaces may have the
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same address), the
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.Fl ifp
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or
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.Fl ifa
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modifiers may be used to determine the interface or interface address.
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.Pp
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All symbolic names specified for a
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.Ar destination
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or
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.Ar gateway
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are looked up first as a host name using
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.Xr gethostbyname 3 .
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If this lookup fails,
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.Xr getnetbyname 3
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is then used to interpret the name as that of a network.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility uses a routing socket and the new message types
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.Dv RTM_ADD , RTM_DELETE , RTM_GET ,
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and
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.Dv RTM_CHANGE .
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As such, only the super-user may modify
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the routing tables.
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.Sh EXIT STATUS
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.Ex -std
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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Add a default route to the network routing table.
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This will send all packets for destinations not available in the routing table
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to the default gateway at 192.168.1.1:
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.Pp
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.Dl route add -net 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.1.1
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.Pp
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A shorter version of adding a default route can also be written as:
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.Pp
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.Dl route add default 192.168.1.1
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.Pp
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Add a static route to the 172.16.10.0/24 network via the 172.16.1.1 gateway:
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.Pp
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.Dl route add -net 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.1.1
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.Pp
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Change the gateway of an already established static route in the routing table:
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.Pp
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.Dl route change -net 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.1.2
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.Pp
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Display the route for a destination network:
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.Pp
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.Dl route show 172.16.10.0
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.Pp
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Delete a static route from the routing table:
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.Pp
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.Dl route delete -net 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.1.2
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.Pp
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Remove all routes from the routing table:
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.Pp
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.Dl route flush
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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.Bl -diag
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.It "add [host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
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The specified route is being added to the tables.
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The
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values printed are from the routing table entry supplied
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in the
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.Xr ioctl 2
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call.
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If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway
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(the first one returned by
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.Xr gethostbyname 3 ) ,
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the gateway address is printed numerically as well as symbolically.
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.It "delete [ host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
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As above, but when deleting an entry.
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.It "%s %s done"
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When the
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.Cm flush
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command is specified, each routing table entry deleted
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is indicated with a message of this form.
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.It "Network is unreachable"
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An attempt to add a route failed because the gateway listed was not
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on a directly-connected network.
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The next-hop gateway must be given.
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.It "not in table"
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A delete operation was attempted for an entry which
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was not present in the tables.
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.It "routing table overflow"
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An add operation was attempted, but the system was
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low on resources and was unable to allocate memory
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to create the new entry.
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.It "gateway uses the same route"
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A
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.Cm change
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operation resulted in a route whose gateway uses the
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same route as the one being changed.
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The next-hop gateway should be reachable through a different route.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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|
.\".Xr esis 4 ,
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.Xr netintro 4 ,
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.Xr route 4 ,
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.Xr arp 8 ,
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.Xr routed 8
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.\".Xr XNSrouted 8
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.Sh HISTORY
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|
The
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.Nm
|
|
utility appeared in
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|
.Bx 4.2 .
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.Sh BUGS
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The first paragraph may have slightly exaggerated
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.Xr routed 8 Ns 's
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abilities.
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.Pp
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Currently, routes with the
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.Dv RTF_BLACKHOLE
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flag set need to have the gateway set to an instance of the
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.Xr lo 4
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driver, using the
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.Fl iface
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option, for the flag to have any effect; unless IP fast forwarding
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|
is enabled, in which case the meaning of the flag will always
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|
be honored.
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