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fbbd9655e5
Renumber cluase 4 to 3, per what everybody else did when BSD granted them permission to remove clause 3. My insistance on keeping the same numbering for legal reasons is too pedantic, so give up on that point. Submitted by: Jan Schaumann <jschauma@stevens.edu> Pull Request: https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/pull/96
508 lines
11 KiB
Groff
508 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" Symmetric Computer Systems.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)disklabel.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd October 5, 2016
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.Dt BSDLABEL 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm bsdlabel
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.Nd read and write BSD label
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl A
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.Ar disk | Fl f Ar file
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.Nm
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.Fl w
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl B Op Fl b Ar boot
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk | Fl f Ar file
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.Op Ar type
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.Nm
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.Fl e
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl B Op Fl b Ar boot
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk | Fl f Ar file
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.Nm
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.Fl R
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl B Op Fl b Ar boot
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Op Fl f
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.Ar disk | Fl f Ar file
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.Ar protofile
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility
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installs, examines or modifies the
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.Bx
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label on a disk partition, or on a file containing a partition image.
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In addition,
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.Nm
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can install bootstrap code.
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.Ss Disk Device Name
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When specifying the device (i.e., when the
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.Fl f
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option is not used),
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the
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.Pa /dev/
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path prefix may be omitted;
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the
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.Nm
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utility will automatically prepend it.
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.Ss General Options
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The
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.Fl A
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option enables processing of the historical parts of the
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.Bx
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label.
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If the option is not given, suitable values are set for these fields.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl f
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option tells
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.Nm
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that the program will operate on a file instead of a disk partition.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl n
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option stops the
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.Nm
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program right before the disk would have been modified, and displays
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the result instead of writing it.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl m Ar machine
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argument forces
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.Nm
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to use a layout suitable for a different architecture.
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Current valid values are
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.Cm i386
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and
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.Cm amd64 .
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If this option is omitted,
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.Nm
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will use a layout suitable for the current machine.
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.Ss Reading the Disk Label
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To examine the label on a disk drive, use the form
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.Pp
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.Nm
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.Op Fl A
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk
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.Pp
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.Ar disk
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represents the disk in question, and may be in the form
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.Pa da0
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or
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.Pa /dev/da0 .
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It will display the partition layout.
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.Ss Writing a Standard Label
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To write a standard label, use the form
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.Pp
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.Nm
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.Fl w
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk
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.Op Ar type
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.Pp
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If the drive
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.Ar type
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is specified, the entry of that name in the
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.Xr disktab 5
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file is used; otherwise, or if the type is specified as 'auto', a default
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layout is used.
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.Ss Editing an Existing Disk Label
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To edit an existing disk label, use the form
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.Pp
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.Nm
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.Fl e
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk
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.Pp
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This command opens the disk label in the default editor, and when the editor
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exits, the label is validated and if OK written to disk.
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.Ss Restoring a Disk Label From a File
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To restore a disk label from a file, use the form
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.Pp
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.Nm
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.Fl R
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk protofile
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility
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is capable of restoring a disk label that was previously saved in a file in
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.Tn ASCII
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format.
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The prototype file used to create the label should be in the same format as that
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produced when reading or editing a label.
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Comments are delimited by
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.Ql #
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and newline.
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.Ss Installing Bootstraps
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If the
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.Fl B
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option is specified, bootstrap code will be read from the file
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.Pa /boot/boot
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and written to the disk.
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The
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.Fl b Ar boot
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option allows a different file to be used.
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /etc/disktab" -compact
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.It Pa /boot/boot
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Default boot image.
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.It Pa /etc/disktab
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Disk description file.
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.El
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.Sh SAVED FILE FORMAT
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The
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.Nm
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utility
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uses an
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.Tn ASCII
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version of the label when examining, editing, or restoring a disk
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label.
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The format is:
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.Bd -literal -offset 4n
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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a: 81920 16 4.2BSD 2048 16384 5128
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b: 1091994 81936 swap
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c: 1173930 0 unused 0 0 # "raw" part, don't edit
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If the
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.Fl A
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option is specified, the format is:
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.Bd -literal -offset 4n
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# /dev/da1c:
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type: SCSI
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disk: da0s1
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label:
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flags:
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bytes/sector: 512
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sectors/track: 51
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tracks/cylinder: 19
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sectors/cylinder: 969
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cylinders: 1211
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sectors/unit: 1173930
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rpm: 3600
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interleave: 1
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trackskew: 0
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cylinderskew: 0
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headswitch: 0 # milliseconds
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track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds
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drivedata: 0
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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a: 81920 16 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16
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b: 160000 81936 swap
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c: 1173930 0 unused 0 0 # "raw" part, don't edit
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Lines starting with a
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.Ql #
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mark are comments.
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.Pp
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The partition table can have up to 8 entries.
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It contains the following information:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Ar #
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The partition identifier is a single letter in the range
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.Ql a
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to
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.Ql h .
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By convention, partition
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.Ql c
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is reserved to describe the entire disk.
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.It Ar size
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The size of the partition in sectors,
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.Cm K
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(kilobytes - 1024),
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.Cm M
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(megabytes - 1024*1024),
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.Cm G
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(gigabytes - 1024*1024*1024),
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.Cm %
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(percentage of free space
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.Em after
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removing any fixed-size partitions other than partition
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.Ql c ) ,
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or
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.Cm *
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(all remaining free space
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.Em after
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fixed-size and percentage partitions).
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For partition
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.Ql c ,
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a size of
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.Cm *
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indicates the entire disk.
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Lowercase versions of suffixes
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.Cm K , M ,
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and
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.Cm G
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are allowed.
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Size and suffix should be specified without any spaces between them.
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.Pp
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Example: 2097152, 1G, 1024M and 1048576K are all the same size
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(assuming 512-byte sectors).
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.It Ar offset
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The offset of the start of the partition from the beginning of the
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drive in sectors, or
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.Cm *
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to have
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.Nm
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calculate the correct offset to use (the end of the previous partition plus
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one, ignoring partition
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.Ql c ) .
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For partition
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.Ql c ,
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.Cm *
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will be interpreted as an offset of 0.
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The first partition should start at offset 16, because the first 16 sectors are
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reserved for metadata.
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.It Ar fstype
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Describes the purpose of the partition.
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The above example shows all currently used partition types.
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For
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.Tn UFS
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file systems and
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.Xr ccd 4
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partitions, use type
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.Cm 4.2BSD .
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For Vinum drives, use type
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.Cm vinum .
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Other common types are
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.Cm swap
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and
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.Cm unused .
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By convention, partition
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.Ql c
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represents the entire slice and should be of type
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.Cm unused ,
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though
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.Nm
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does not enforce this convention.
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The
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.Nm
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utility
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also knows about a number of other partition types,
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none of which are in current use.
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(See the definitions starting with
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.Dv FS_UNUSED
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in
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.In sys/disklabel.h
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for more details.)
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.It Ar fsize
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For
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.Cm 4.2BSD
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file systems only, the fragment size; see
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.Xr newfs 8 .
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.It Ar bsize
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For
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.Cm 4.2BSD
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file systems only, the block size; see
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.Xr newfs 8 .
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.It Ar bps/cpg
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For
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.Cm 4.2BSD
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file systems, the number of cylinders in a cylinder group; see
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.Xr newfs 8 .
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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Display the label for the first slice of the
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.Pa da0
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disk, as obtained via
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.Pa /dev/da0s1 :
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel da0s1"
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.Pp
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Save the in-core label for
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.Pa da0s1
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into the file
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.Pa savedlabel .
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This file can be used with the
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.Fl R
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option to restore the label at a later date:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel da0s1 > savedlabel"
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.Pp
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Create a label for
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.Pa da0s1 :
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -w /dev/da0s1"
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.Pp
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Read the label for
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.Pa da0s1 ,
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edit it, and install the result:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -e da0s1"
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.Pp
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Read the on-disk label for
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.Pa da0s1 ,
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edit it, and display what the new label would be (in sectors).
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It does
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.Em not
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install the new label either in-core or on-disk:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -e -n da0s1"
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.Pp
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Write a default label on
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.Pa da0s1 .
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Use another
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.Nm Fl e
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command to edit the
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partitioning and file system information:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -w da0s1"
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.Pp
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Restore the on-disk and in-core label for
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.Pa da0s1
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from information in
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.Pa savedlabel :
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -R da0s1 savedlabel"
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.Pp
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Display what the label would be for
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.Pa da0s1
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using the partition layout in
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.Pa label_layout .
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This is useful for determining how much space would be allotted for various
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partitions with a labeling scheme using
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.Cm % Ns -based
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or
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.Cm *
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partition sizes:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -R -n da0s1 label_layout"
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.Pp
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Install a new bootstrap on
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.Pa da0s1 .
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The boot code comes from
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.Pa /boot/boot :
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -B da0s1"
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.Pp
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Install a new label and bootstrap.
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The bootstrap code comes from the file
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.Pa newboot
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in the current working directory:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -w -B -b newboot /dev/da0s1"
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.Pp
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Completely wipe any prior information on the disk, creating a new bootable
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disk with a
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.Tn DOS
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partition table containing one slice, covering the whole disk.
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Initialize the label on this slice,
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then edit it.
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The
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.Xr dd 1
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commands are optional, but may be necessary for some
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.Tn BIOS Ns es
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to properly
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recognize the disk:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0 bs=512 count=32
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gpart create -s MBR da0
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gpart add -t freebsd da0
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gpart set -a active -i 1 da0
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gpart bootcode -b /boot/mbr da0
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dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0s1 bs=512 count=32
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bsdlabel -w -B da0s1
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bsdlabel -e da0s1
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.Ed
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.Pp
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This is an example disk label that uses some of the new partition size types
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such as
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.Cm % , M , G ,
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and
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.Cm * ,
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which could be used as a source file for
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.Dq Li "bsdlabel -R ada0s1 new_label_file" :
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.Bd -literal -offset 4n
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# /dev/ada0s1:
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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a: 400M 16 4.2BSD 4096 16384 75 # (Cyl. 0 - 812*)
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b: 1G * swap
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c: * * unused
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e: 204800 * 4.2BSD
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f: 5g * 4.2BSD
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g: * * 4.2BSD
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.Ed
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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The kernel device drivers will not allow the size of a disk partition
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to be decreased or the offset of a partition to be changed while it is open.
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.Sh COMPATIBILITY
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Due to the use of an
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.Vt uint32_t
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to store the number of sectors,
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.Bx
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labels are restricted to a maximum of 2^32-1 sectors.
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This usually means 2TB of disk space.
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Larger disks should be partitioned using another method such as
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.Xr gpart 8 .
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.Pp
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The various
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.Bx Ns s
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all use slightly different versions of
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.Bx
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labels and
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are not generally compatible.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr ccd 4 ,
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.Xr geom 4 ,
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.Xr md 4 ,
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr boot0cfg 8 ,
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.Xr gpart 8 ,
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.Xr newfs 8
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.Sh HISTORY
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|
The
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.Nm disklabel
|
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utility appeared in
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.Bx 4.3 Tahoe .
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