mirror of
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9f365aa1d6
As of FreeBSD 6, devices can only be opened through devfs. These device nodes don't have major and minor numbers anymore. The st_rdev field in struct stat is simply based a copy of st_ino. Simply display device numbers as hexadecimal, using "%#jx". This is allowed by POSIX, since it explicitly states things like the following (example taken from ls(1)): "If the file is a character special or block special file, the size of the file may be replaced with implementation-defined information associated with the device in question." This makes the output of these commands more compact. For example, ls(1) now uses approximately four columns less. While there, simplify the column length calculation from ls(1) by calling snprintf() with a NULL buffer. Don't be afraid; if needed one can still obtain individual major/minor numbers using stat(1).
719 lines
16 KiB
Groff
719 lines
16 KiB
Groff
.\"-
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)ls.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd September 28, 2011
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.Dt LS 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ls
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.Nd list directory contents
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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|
.Op Fl ABCFGHILPRSTUWZabcdfghiklmnopqrstuwx1
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.Op Fl D Ar format
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.Op Ar
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|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
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|
For each operand that names a
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.Ar file
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of a type other than
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directory,
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.Nm
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|
displays its name as well as any requested,
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associated information.
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|
For each operand that names a
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.Ar file
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|
of type directory,
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.Nm
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|
displays the names of files contained
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within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
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|
information.
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.Pp
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|
If no operands are given, the contents of the current
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directory are displayed.
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|
If more than one operand is given,
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|
non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
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|
and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
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|
lexicographical order.
|
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.Pp
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|
The following options are available:
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|
.Bl -tag -width indent
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|
.It Fl A
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|
Include directory entries whose names begin with a
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|
dot
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|
.Pq Sq Pa \&.
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|
except for
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|
.Pa \&.
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|
and
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|
.Pa .. .
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|
Automatically set for the super-user unless
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|
.Fl I
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|
is specified.
|
|
.It Fl B
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|
Force printing of non-printable characters (as defined by
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|
.Xr ctype 3
|
|
and current locale settings) in file names as
|
|
.Li \e Ns Va xxx ,
|
|
where
|
|
.Va xxx
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|
is the numeric value of the character in octal.
|
|
.It Fl C
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|
Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
|
|
.It Fl D Ar format
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|
When printing in the long
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|
.Pq Fl l
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|
format, use
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|
.Ar format
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|
to format the date and time output.
|
|
The argument
|
|
.Ar format
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|
is a string used by
|
|
.Xr strftime 3 .
|
|
Depending on the choice of format string, this may result in a
|
|
different number of columns in the output.
|
|
This option overrides the
|
|
.Fl T
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|
option.
|
|
.It Fl F
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|
Display a slash
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|
.Pq Ql /
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|
immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
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|
an asterisk
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|
.Pq Ql *
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|
after each that is executable,
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|
an at sign
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|
.Pq Ql @
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|
after each symbolic link,
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|
an equals sign
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|
.Pq Ql =
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|
after each socket,
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|
a percent sign
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|
.Pq Ql %
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|
after each whiteout,
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|
and a vertical bar
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|
.Pq Ql \&|
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|
after each that is a
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|
.Tn FIFO .
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|
.It Fl G
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|
Enable colorized output.
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|
This option is equivalent to defining
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|
.Ev CLICOLOR
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in the environment.
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|
(See below.)
|
|
.It Fl H
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|
Symbolic links on the command line are followed.
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|
This option is assumed if
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none of the
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|
.Fl F , d ,
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|
or
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|
.Fl l
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|
options are specified.
|
|
.It Fl I
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|
Prevent
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|
.Fl A
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|
from being automatically set for the super-user.
|
|
.It Fl L
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|
If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references
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|
rather than the link itself.
|
|
This option cancels the
|
|
.Fl P
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|
option.
|
|
.It Fl P
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|
If argument is a symbolic link, list the link itself rather than the
|
|
object the link references.
|
|
This option cancels the
|
|
.Fl H
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|
and
|
|
.Fl L
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|
options.
|
|
.It Fl R
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|
Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
|
|
.It Fl S
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|
Sort by size (largest file first) before sorting the operands in
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|
lexicographical order.
|
|
.It Fl T
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|
When printing in the long
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|
.Pq Fl l
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|
format, display complete time information for the file, including
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|
month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
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|
The
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|
.Fl D
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|
option gives even more control over the output format.
|
|
.It Fl U
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|
Use time when file was created for sorting or printing.
|
|
.It Fl W
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|
Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
|
|
.It Fl Z
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|
Display each file's MAC label; see
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|
.Xr maclabel 7 .
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|
.It Fl a
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|
Include directory entries whose names begin with a
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|
dot
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|
.Pq Sq Pa \&. .
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|
.It Fl b
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|
As
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|
.Fl B ,
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|
but use
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|
.Tn C
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|
escape codes whenever possible.
|
|
.It Fl c
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|
Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing.
|
|
.It Fl d
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|
Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively).
|
|
.It Fl f
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|
Output is not sorted.
|
|
.It Fl g
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|
This option is deprecated and is only available for compatibility
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|
with
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|
.Bx 4.3 ;
|
|
it was used to display the group name in the long
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|
.Pq Fl l
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|
format output.
|
|
.It Fl h
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|
When used with the
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|
.Fl l
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|
option, use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte
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|
and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of digits to four or fewer
|
|
using base 2 for sizes.
|
|
.It Fl i
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|
For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
|
|
.It Fl k
|
|
This has the same effect as setting environment variable
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|
.Ev BLOCKSIZE
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|
to 1024, except that it also nullifies any
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|
.Fl h
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|
options to its left.
|
|
.It Fl l
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|
(The lowercase letter
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|
.Dq ell . )
|
|
List files in the long format, as described in the
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|
.Sx The Long Format
|
|
subsection below.
|
|
.It Fl m
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|
Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
|
|
.It Fl n
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|
Display user and group IDs numerically rather than converting to a user
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|
or group name in a long
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|
.Pq Fl l
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|
output.
|
|
.It Fl o
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|
Include the file flags in a long
|
|
.Pq Fl l
|
|
output.
|
|
.It Fl p
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|
Write a slash
|
|
.Pq Ql /
|
|
after each filename if that file is a directory.
|
|
.It Fl q
|
|
Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
|
|
the character
|
|
.Ql \&? ;
|
|
this is the default when output is to a terminal.
|
|
.It Fl r
|
|
Reverse the order of the sort.
|
|
.It Fl s
|
|
Display the number of blocks used in the file system by each file.
|
|
Block sizes and directory totals are handled as described in
|
|
.Sx The Long Format
|
|
subsection below, except (if the long format is not also requested)
|
|
the directory totals are not output when the output is in a
|
|
single column, even if multi-column output is requested.
|
|
.It Fl t
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|
Sort by time modified (most recently modified
|
|
first) before sorting the operands in lexicographical
|
|
order.
|
|
.It Fl u
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|
Use time of last access,
|
|
instead of last modification
|
|
of the file for sorting
|
|
.Pq Fl t
|
|
or printing
|
|
.Pq Fl l .
|
|
.It Fl w
|
|
Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
|
|
This is the default
|
|
when output is not to a terminal.
|
|
.It Fl x
|
|
The same as
|
|
.Fl C ,
|
|
except that the multi-column output is produced with entries sorted
|
|
across, rather than down, the columns.
|
|
.It Fl 1
|
|
(The numeric digit
|
|
.Dq one . )
|
|
Force output to be
|
|
one entry per line.
|
|
This is the default when
|
|
output is not to a terminal.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl 1 , C , x ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
options all override each other; the last one specified determines
|
|
the format used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl c , u ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl U
|
|
options all override each other; the last one specified determines
|
|
the file time used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl S
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl t
|
|
options override each other; the last one specified determines
|
|
the sort order used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl B , b , w ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl q
|
|
options all override each other; the last one specified determines
|
|
the format used for non-printable characters.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl H , L
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl P
|
|
options all override each other (either partially or fully); they
|
|
are applied in the order specified.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
By default,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
lists one entry per line to standard
|
|
output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
|
|
.Fl C
|
|
or
|
|
.Fl x
|
|
options are specified.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
File information is displayed with one or more
|
|
.Ao blank Ac Ns s
|
|
separating the information associated with the
|
|
.Fl i , s ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
options.
|
|
.Ss The Long Format
|
|
If the
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
option is given, the following information
|
|
is displayed for each file:
|
|
file mode,
|
|
number of links, owner name, group name,
|
|
MAC label,
|
|
number of bytes in the file, abbreviated
|
|
month, day-of-month file was last modified,
|
|
hour file last modified, minute file last
|
|
modified, and the pathname.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months
|
|
in the past or future, and the
|
|
.Fl D
|
|
or
|
|
.Fl T
|
|
are not specified,
|
|
then the year of the last modification
|
|
is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name,
|
|
or the
|
|
.Fl n
|
|
option is given,
|
|
the numeric ID's are displayed.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the file is a character special or block special file,
|
|
the device number for the file is displayed in the size field.
|
|
If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
|
|
linked-to file is preceded by
|
|
.Dq Li -> .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The listing of a directory's contents is preceded
|
|
by a labeled total number of blocks used in the file system by the files
|
|
which are listed as the directory's contents
|
|
(which may or may not include
|
|
.Pa \&.
|
|
and
|
|
.Pa ..
|
|
and other files which start with a dot, depending on other options).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The default block size is 512 bytes.
|
|
The block size may be set with option
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
or environment variable
|
|
.Ev BLOCKSIZE .
|
|
Numbers of blocks in the output will have been rounded up so the
|
|
numbers of bytes is at least as many as used by the corresponding
|
|
file system blocks (which might have a different size).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The file mode printed under the
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
option consists of the
|
|
entry type and the permissions.
|
|
The entry type character describes the type of file, as
|
|
follows:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
|
|
.It Sy \-
|
|
Regular file.
|
|
.It Sy b
|
|
Block special file.
|
|
.It Sy c
|
|
Character special file.
|
|
.It Sy d
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|
Directory.
|
|
.It Sy l
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|
Symbolic link.
|
|
.It Sy p
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|
.Tn FIFO .
|
|
.It Sy s
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|
Socket.
|
|
.It Sy w
|
|
Whiteout.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The next three fields
|
|
are three characters each:
|
|
owner permissions,
|
|
group permissions, and
|
|
other permissions.
|
|
Each field has three character positions:
|
|
.Bl -enum -offset indent
|
|
.It
|
|
If
|
|
.Sy r ,
|
|
the file is readable; if
|
|
.Sy \- ,
|
|
it is not readable.
|
|
.It
|
|
If
|
|
.Sy w ,
|
|
the file is writable; if
|
|
.Sy \- ,
|
|
it is not writable.
|
|
.It
|
|
The first of the following that applies:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
|
|
.It Sy S
|
|
If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
|
|
set-user-ID mode is set.
|
|
If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
|
|
and set-group-ID mode is set.
|
|
.It Sy s
|
|
If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
|
|
and set-user-ID mode is set.
|
|
If in the group permissions, the file is executable
|
|
and setgroup-ID mode is set.
|
|
.It Sy x
|
|
The file is executable or the directory is
|
|
searchable.
|
|
.It Sy \-
|
|
The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
|
|
nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
|
|
(See below.)
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
|
|
(other permissions).
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
|
|
.It Sy T
|
|
The sticky bit is set
|
|
(mode
|
|
.Li 1000 ) ,
|
|
but not execute or search permission.
|
|
(See
|
|
.Xr chmod 1
|
|
or
|
|
.Xr sticky 7 . )
|
|
.It Sy t
|
|
The sticky bit is set (mode
|
|
.Li 1000 ) ,
|
|
and is searchable or executable.
|
|
(See
|
|
.Xr chmod 1
|
|
or
|
|
.Xr sticky 7 . )
|
|
.El
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The next field contains a
|
|
plus
|
|
.Pq Ql +
|
|
character if the file has an ACL, or a
|
|
space
|
|
.Pq Ql " "
|
|
if it does not.
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility does not show the actual ACL;
|
|
use
|
|
.Xr getfacl 1
|
|
to do this.
|
|
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
|
|
The following environment variables affect the execution of
|
|
.Nm :
|
|
.Bl -tag -width ".Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE"
|
|
.It Ev BLOCKSIZE
|
|
If this is set, its value, rounded up to 512 or down to a
|
|
multiple of 512, will be used as the block size in bytes by the
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl s
|
|
options.
|
|
See
|
|
.Sx The Long Format
|
|
subsection for more information.
|
|
.It Ev CLICOLOR
|
|
Use
|
|
.Tn ANSI
|
|
color sequences to distinguish file types.
|
|
See
|
|
.Ev LSCOLORS
|
|
below.
|
|
In addition to the file types mentioned in the
|
|
.Fl F
|
|
option some extra attributes (setuid bit set, etc.) are also displayed.
|
|
The colorization is dependent on a terminal type with the proper
|
|
.Xr termcap 5
|
|
capabilities.
|
|
The default
|
|
.Dq Li cons25
|
|
console has the proper capabilities,
|
|
but to display the colors in an
|
|
.Xr xterm 1 ,
|
|
for example,
|
|
the
|
|
.Ev TERM
|
|
variable must be set to
|
|
.Dq Li xterm-color .
|
|
Other terminal types may require similar adjustments.
|
|
Colorization
|
|
is silently disabled if the output is not directed to a terminal
|
|
unless the
|
|
.Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
|
|
variable is defined.
|
|
.It Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
|
|
Color sequences are normally disabled if the output is not directed to
|
|
a terminal.
|
|
This can be overridden by setting this flag.
|
|
The
|
|
.Ev TERM
|
|
variable still needs to reference a color capable terminal however
|
|
otherwise it is not possible to determine which color sequences to
|
|
use.
|
|
.It Ev COLUMNS
|
|
If this variable contains a string representing a
|
|
decimal integer, it is used as the
|
|
column position width for displaying
|
|
multiple-text-column output.
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility calculates how
|
|
many pathname text columns to display
|
|
based on the width provided.
|
|
(See
|
|
.Fl C
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl x . )
|
|
.It Ev LANG
|
|
The locale to use when determining the order of day and month in the long
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
format output.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr environ 7
|
|
for more information.
|
|
.It Ev LSCOLORS
|
|
The value of this variable describes what color to use for which
|
|
attribute when colors are enabled with
|
|
.Ev CLICOLOR .
|
|
This string is a concatenation of pairs of the format
|
|
.Ar f Ns Ar b ,
|
|
where
|
|
.Ar f
|
|
is the foreground color and
|
|
.Ar b
|
|
is the background color.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The color designators are as follows:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
|
|
.It Sy a
|
|
black
|
|
.It Sy b
|
|
red
|
|
.It Sy c
|
|
green
|
|
.It Sy d
|
|
brown
|
|
.It Sy e
|
|
blue
|
|
.It Sy f
|
|
magenta
|
|
.It Sy g
|
|
cyan
|
|
.It Sy h
|
|
light grey
|
|
.It Sy A
|
|
bold black, usually shows up as dark grey
|
|
.It Sy B
|
|
bold red
|
|
.It Sy C
|
|
bold green
|
|
.It Sy D
|
|
bold brown, usually shows up as yellow
|
|
.It Sy E
|
|
bold blue
|
|
.It Sy F
|
|
bold magenta
|
|
.It Sy G
|
|
bold cyan
|
|
.It Sy H
|
|
bold light grey; looks like bright white
|
|
.It Sy x
|
|
default foreground or background
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note that the above are standard
|
|
.Tn ANSI
|
|
colors.
|
|
The actual display may differ
|
|
depending on the color capabilities of the terminal in use.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The order of the attributes are as follows:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -enum -offset indent -compact
|
|
.It
|
|
directory
|
|
.It
|
|
symbolic link
|
|
.It
|
|
socket
|
|
.It
|
|
pipe
|
|
.It
|
|
executable
|
|
.It
|
|
block special
|
|
.It
|
|
character special
|
|
.It
|
|
executable with setuid bit set
|
|
.It
|
|
executable with setgid bit set
|
|
.It
|
|
directory writable to others, with sticky bit
|
|
.It
|
|
directory writable to others, without sticky bit
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The default is
|
|
.Qq "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad" ,
|
|
i.e., blue foreground and
|
|
default background for regular directories, black foreground and red
|
|
background for setuid executables, etc.
|
|
.It Ev LS_COLWIDTHS
|
|
If this variable is set, it is considered to be a
|
|
colon-delimited list of minimum column widths.
|
|
Unreasonable
|
|
and insufficient widths are ignored (thus zero signifies
|
|
a dynamically sized column).
|
|
Not all columns have changeable widths.
|
|
The fields are,
|
|
in order: inode, block count, number of links, user name,
|
|
group name, flags, file size, file name.
|
|
.It Ev TERM
|
|
The
|
|
.Ev CLICOLOR
|
|
functionality depends on a terminal type with color capabilities.
|
|
.It Ev TZ
|
|
The timezone to use when displaying dates.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr environ 7
|
|
for more information.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh EXIT STATUS
|
|
.Ex -std
|
|
.Sh COMPATIBILITY
|
|
The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
|
|
files in order to be compatible with the
|
|
.St -p1003.2
|
|
specification.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr chflags 1 ,
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 ,
|
|
.Xr getfacl 1 ,
|
|
.Xr sort 1 ,
|
|
.Xr xterm 1 ,
|
|
.Xr strftime 3 ,
|
|
.Xr strmode 3 ,
|
|
.Xr termcap 5 ,
|
|
.Xr maclabel 7 ,
|
|
.Xr sticky 7 ,
|
|
.Xr symlink 7 ,
|
|
.Xr getfmac 8
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
With the exception of options
|
|
.Fl I , g , n
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl o ,
|
|
the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility conforms to
|
|
.St -p1003.1-2001 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The ACL support is compatible with
|
|
.Tn IEEE
|
|
Std\~1003.2c
|
|
.Pq Dq Tn POSIX Ns .2c
|
|
Draft\~17
|
|
(withdrawn).
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
An
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command appeared in
|
|
.At v1 .
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
To maintain backward compatibility, the relationships between the many
|
|
options are quite complex.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The exception mentioned in the
|
|
.Fl s
|
|
option description might be a feature that was
|
|
based on the fact that single-column output
|
|
usually goes to something other than a terminal.
|
|
It is debatable whether this is a design bug.
|