mirror of
https://git.FreeBSD.org/src.git
synced 2024-12-23 11:18:54 +00:00
9a5e36b804
MFC after: 3 days
502 lines
11 KiB
Groff
502 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\" $FreeBSD$
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Dd May 24, 2009
|
|
.Dt FDISK 8
|
|
.Os
|
|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm fdisk
|
|
.Nd PC slice table maintenance utility
|
|
.Sh SYNOPSIS
|
|
.Nm
|
|
.Op Fl BIaipqstu
|
|
.Op Fl b Ar bootcode
|
|
.Op Fl 1234
|
|
.Op Ar disk
|
|
.Nm
|
|
.Fl f Ar configfile
|
|
.Op Fl itv
|
|
.Op Ar disk
|
|
.Sh PROLOGUE
|
|
In order for the BIOS to boot the kernel,
|
|
certain conventions must be adhered to.
|
|
Sector 0 of the disk must contain boot code,
|
|
a slice table,
|
|
and a magic number.
|
|
BIOS slices can be used to break the disk up into several pieces.
|
|
The BIOS brings in sector 0 and verifies the magic number.
|
|
The sector
|
|
0 boot code then searches the slice table to determine which
|
|
slice is marked
|
|
.Dq active .
|
|
This boot code then brings in the bootstrap from the
|
|
active slice and, if marked bootable, runs it.
|
|
Under
|
|
.Tn DOS ,
|
|
you can have one or more slices with one active.
|
|
The
|
|
.Tn DOS
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility can be used to divide space on the disk into slices and set one
|
|
active.
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
The
|
|
.Fx
|
|
utility,
|
|
.Nm ,
|
|
serves a similar purpose to the
|
|
.Tn DOS
|
|
utility.
|
|
The first form is used to
|
|
display slice information or to interactively edit the slice
|
|
table.
|
|
The second is used to write a slice table using a
|
|
.Ar configfile ,
|
|
and is designed to be used by other scripts/programs.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Options are:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
|
.It Fl a
|
|
Change the active slice only.
|
|
Ignored if
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
is given.
|
|
.It Fl b Ar bootcode
|
|
Get the boot code from the file
|
|
.Ar bootcode .
|
|
Default is
|
|
.Pa /boot/mbr .
|
|
.It Fl B
|
|
Reinitialize the boot code contained in sector 0 of the disk.
|
|
Ignored if
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
is given.
|
|
.It Fl f Ar configfile
|
|
Set slice values using the file
|
|
.Ar configfile .
|
|
The
|
|
.Ar configfile
|
|
only modifies explicitly specified slices, unless
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
is also given, in which case all existing slices are deleted (marked
|
|
as
|
|
.Dq unused )
|
|
before the
|
|
.Ar configfile
|
|
is read.
|
|
The
|
|
.Ar configfile
|
|
can be
|
|
.Sq Fl ,
|
|
in which case standard input is read.
|
|
See
|
|
.Sx CONFIGURATION FILE ,
|
|
below, for file syntax.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Em WARNING :
|
|
when
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
is used, you are not asked if you really want to write the slices
|
|
table (as you are in the interactive mode).
|
|
Use with caution!
|
|
.It Fl i
|
|
Initialize sector 0 of the disk.
|
|
Existing slice entries will be cleared
|
|
(marked as unused) before editing.
|
|
(Compare with
|
|
.Fl u . )
|
|
.It Fl I
|
|
Initialize sector 0 slice table
|
|
for one
|
|
.Fx
|
|
slice covering the entire disk.
|
|
.It Fl p
|
|
Print a slice table in
|
|
.Nm
|
|
configuration file format and exit; see
|
|
.Sx CONFIGURATION FILE ,
|
|
below.
|
|
.It Fl q
|
|
Be quiet.
|
|
Benign warnings (such as "GEOM not found") are suppressed.
|
|
.It Fl s
|
|
Print summary information and exit.
|
|
.It Fl t
|
|
Test mode; do not write slice values.
|
|
Generally used with the
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
option to see what would be written to the slice table.
|
|
Implies
|
|
.Fl v .
|
|
.It Fl u
|
|
Update (edit) the disk's sector 0 slice table.
|
|
Ignored if
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
is given.
|
|
.It Fl v
|
|
Be verbose.
|
|
When
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
is used,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
prints out the slice table that is written to the disk.
|
|
.It Fl 1234
|
|
Operate on a single slice table entry only.
|
|
Ignored if
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
is given.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The final disk name can be provided as a
|
|
.Dq bare
|
|
disk name only, e.g.\&
|
|
.Pa da0 ,
|
|
or as a full pathname.
|
|
If omitted,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
tries to figure out the default disk device name from the
|
|
mounted root device.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
When called with no arguments, it prints the sector 0 slice table.
|
|
An example follows:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
******* Working on device /dev/ad0 *******
|
|
parameters extracted from in-core disklabel are:
|
|
cylinders=769 heads=15 sectors/track=33 (495 blks/cyl)
|
|
|
|
parameters to be used for BIOS calculations are:
|
|
cylinders=769 heads=15 sectors/track=33 (495 blks/cyl)
|
|
|
|
Warning: BIOS sector numbering starts with sector 1
|
|
Information from DOS bootblock is:
|
|
The data for partition 1 is:
|
|
sysid 165,(FreeBSD/NetBSD/386BSD)
|
|
start 495, size 380160 (185 Meg), flag 0
|
|
beg: cyl 1/ sector 1/ head 0;
|
|
end: cyl 768/ sector 33/ head 14
|
|
The data for partition 2 is:
|
|
sysid 164,(unknown)
|
|
start 378180, size 2475 (1 Meg), flag 0
|
|
beg: cyl 764/ sector 1/ head 0;
|
|
end: cyl 768/ sector 33/ head 14
|
|
The data for partition 3 is:
|
|
<UNUSED>
|
|
The data for partition 4 is:
|
|
sysid 99,(ISC UNIX, other System V/386, GNU HURD or Mach)
|
|
start 380656, size 224234 (109 Meg), flag 80
|
|
beg: cyl 769/ sector 2/ head 0;
|
|
end: cyl 197/ sector 33/ head 14
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The disk is divided into three slices that happen to fill the disk.
|
|
The second slice overlaps the end of the first.
|
|
(Used for debugging purposes.)
|
|
.Bl -tag -width ".Em cyl , sector No and Em head"
|
|
.It Em sysid
|
|
is used to label the slice.
|
|
.Fx
|
|
reserves the
|
|
magic number 165 decimal (A5 in hex).
|
|
.It Xo
|
|
.Em start
|
|
and
|
|
.Em size
|
|
.Xc
|
|
fields provide the start address
|
|
and size of a slice in sectors.
|
|
.It Em "flag 80"
|
|
specifies that this is the active slice.
|
|
.It Xo
|
|
.Em cyl , sector
|
|
and
|
|
.Em head
|
|
.Xc
|
|
fields are used to specify the beginning and end addresses of the slice.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Em Note :
|
|
these numbers are calculated using BIOS's understanding of the disk geometry
|
|
and saved in the bootblock.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl u
|
|
flags are used to indicate that the slice data is to be updated.
|
|
Unless the
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
option is also given,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will enter a conversational mode.
|
|
In this mode, no changes will be written to disk unless you explicitly tell
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility will display each slice and ask whether you want to edit it.
|
|
If you say yes,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will step through each field, show you the old value,
|
|
and ask you for a new one.
|
|
When you are done with the slice,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will display it and ask you whether it is correct.
|
|
It will then proceed to the next entry.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Getting the
|
|
.Em cyl , sector ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Em head
|
|
fields correct is tricky, so by default,
|
|
they will be calculated for you;
|
|
you can specify them if you choose to though.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
After all the slices are processed,
|
|
you are given the option to change the
|
|
.Dq active
|
|
slice.
|
|
Finally, when all the new data for sector 0 has been accumulated,
|
|
you are asked to confirm whether you really want to rewrite it.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The difference between the
|
|
.Fl u
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
flags is that
|
|
the
|
|
.Fl u
|
|
flag edits (updates) the existing slice parameters
|
|
while the
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
flag is used to
|
|
.Dq initialize
|
|
them (old values will be ignored);
|
|
if you edit the first slice,
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
will also set it up to use the whole disk for
|
|
.Fx
|
|
and make it active.
|
|
.Sh NOTES
|
|
The automatic calculation of starting cylinder etc.\& uses
|
|
a set of figures that represent what the BIOS thinks the
|
|
geometry of the drive is.
|
|
These figures are taken from the in-core disklabel by default,
|
|
but
|
|
.Nm
|
|
initially gives you an opportunity to change them.
|
|
This allows you to create a bootblock that can work with drives
|
|
that use geometry translation under the BIOS.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If you hand craft your disk layout,
|
|
please make sure that the
|
|
.Fx
|
|
slice starts on a cylinder boundary.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Editing an existing slice will most likely result in the loss of
|
|
all data in that slice.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
You should run
|
|
.Nm
|
|
interactively once or twice to see how it works.
|
|
This is completely safe as long as you answer the last question
|
|
in the negative.
|
|
There are subtleties that
|
|
.Nm
|
|
detects that are not fully explained in this manual page.
|
|
.Sh CONFIGURATION FILE
|
|
When the
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
option is given, a disk's slice table can be written using values
|
|
from a
|
|
.Ar configfile .
|
|
The syntax of this file is very simple;
|
|
each line is either a comment or a specification, as follows:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
|
.It Ic # Ar comment ...
|
|
Lines beginning with a
|
|
.Ic #
|
|
are comments and are ignored.
|
|
.It Ic g Ar spec1 spec2 spec3
|
|
Set the BIOS geometry used in slice calculations.
|
|
There must be
|
|
three values specified, with a letter preceding each number:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
|
.It Cm c Ns Ar num
|
|
Set the number of cylinders to
|
|
.Ar num .
|
|
.It Cm h Ns Ar num
|
|
Set the number of heads to
|
|
.Ar num .
|
|
.It Cm s Ns Ar num
|
|
Set the number of sectors/track to
|
|
.Ar num .
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
These specs can occur in any order, as the leading letter determines
|
|
which value is which; however, all three must be specified.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This line must occur before any lines that specify slice
|
|
information.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
It is an error if the following is not true:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
1 <= number of cylinders
|
|
1 <= number of heads <= 256
|
|
1 <= number of sectors/track < 64
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The number of cylinders should be less than or equal to 1024, but this
|
|
is not enforced, although a warning will be printed.
|
|
Note that bootable
|
|
.Fx
|
|
slices (the
|
|
.Dq Pa /
|
|
file system) must lie completely within the
|
|
first 1024 cylinders; if this is not true, booting may fail.
|
|
Non-bootable slices do not have this restriction.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Example (all of these are equivalent), for a disk with 1019 cylinders,
|
|
39 heads, and 63 sectors:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
g c1019 h39 s63
|
|
g h39 c1019 s63
|
|
g s63 h39 c1019
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.It Ic p Ar slice type start length
|
|
Set the slice given by
|
|
.Ar slice
|
|
(1-4) to type
|
|
.Ar type ,
|
|
starting at sector
|
|
.Ar start
|
|
for
|
|
.Ar length
|
|
sectors.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar start
|
|
or
|
|
.Ar length
|
|
is suffixed with a
|
|
.Em K ,
|
|
.Em M
|
|
or
|
|
.Em G ,
|
|
it is taken as a
|
|
.Em Kilobyte ,
|
|
.Em Megabyte
|
|
or
|
|
.Em Gigabyte
|
|
measurement respectively.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar start
|
|
is given as
|
|
.Qq *
|
|
it is set to the value of the previous partition end.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar length
|
|
is given as
|
|
.Qq *
|
|
the partition end is set to the end of the disk.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Only those slices explicitly mentioned by these lines are modified;
|
|
any slice not referenced by a
|
|
.Ic p
|
|
line will not be modified.
|
|
However, if an invalid slice table is present, or the
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
option is specified, all existing slice entries will be cleared
|
|
(marked as unused), and these
|
|
.Ic p
|
|
lines will have to be used to
|
|
explicitly set slice information.
|
|
If multiple slices need to be
|
|
set, multiple
|
|
.Ic p
|
|
lines must be specified; one for each slice.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
These slice lines must occur after any geometry specification lines,
|
|
if one is present.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Ar type
|
|
is 165 for
|
|
.Fx
|
|
slices.
|
|
Specifying a slice type of zero is
|
|
the same as clearing the slice and marking it as unused; however,
|
|
dummy values (such as
|
|
.Dq 0 )
|
|
must still be specified for
|
|
.Ar start
|
|
and
|
|
.Ar length .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note: the start offset will be rounded upwards to a head boundary if
|
|
necessary, and the end offset will be rounded downwards to a cylinder
|
|
boundary if necessary.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Example: to clear slice 4 and mark it as unused:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl "p 4 0 0 0"
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Example: to set slice 1 to a
|
|
.Fx
|
|
slice, starting at sector 1
|
|
for 2503871 sectors (note: these numbers will be rounded upwards and
|
|
downwards to correspond to head and cylinder boundaries):
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl "p 1 165 1 2503871"
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Example: to set slices 1, 2 and 4 to
|
|
.Fx
|
|
slices, the first being 2 Gigabytes, the second being 10 Gigabytes and the
|
|
forth being the remainder of the disk (again, numbers will be rounded
|
|
appropriately):
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl "p 1 165 63 2G"
|
|
.Dl "p 2 165 * 10G"
|
|
.Dl "p 3 0 0 0"
|
|
.Dl "p 4 165 * *"
|
|
.It Ic a Ar slice
|
|
Make
|
|
.Ar slice
|
|
the active slice.
|
|
Can occur anywhere in the config file, but only
|
|
one must be present.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Example: to make slice 1 the active slice:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl "a 1"
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /boot/mbr" -compact
|
|
.It Pa /boot/mbr
|
|
The default boot code.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr boot0cfg 8 ,
|
|
.Xr bsdlabel 8 ,
|
|
.Xr gpart 8 ,
|
|
.Xr newfs 8
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
The default boot code will not necessarily handle all slice types
|
|
correctly, in particular those introduced since
|
|
.Tn MS-DOS
|
|
6.x.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The entire utility should be made more user-friendly.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Most users new to
|
|
.Fx
|
|
do not understand the difference between
|
|
.Dq slice
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq partition ,
|
|
causing difficulty to adjust.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
You cannot use this command to completely dedicate a disk to
|
|
.Fx .
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr bsdlabel 8
|
|
command must be used for this.
|