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bdcbfde31e
Remove ancient SCCS tags from the tree, automated scripting, with two minor fixup to keep things compiling. All the common forms in the tree were removed with a perl script. Sponsored by: Netflix
293 lines
7.7 KiB
Groff
293 lines
7.7 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.Dd June 20, 2020
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.Dt JOIN 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm join
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.Nd relational database operator
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Oo
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.Fl a Ar file_number | Fl v Ar file_number
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.Oc
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.Op Fl e Ar string
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.Op Fl o Ar list
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.Op Fl t Ar char
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.Op Fl 1 Ar field
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.Op Fl 2 Ar field
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.Ar file1
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.Ar file2
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility performs an
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.Dq equality join
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on the specified files
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and writes the result to the standard output.
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The
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.Dq join field
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is the field in each file by which the files are compared.
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The first field in each line is used by default.
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There is one line in the output for each pair of lines in
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.Ar file1
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and
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.Ar file2
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which have identical join fields.
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Each output line consists of the join field, the remaining fields from
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.Ar file1
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and then the remaining fields from
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.Ar file2 .
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.Pp
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The default field separators are tab and space characters.
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In this case, multiple tabs and spaces count as a single field separator,
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and leading tabs and spaces are ignored.
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The default output field separator is a single space character.
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.Pp
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Many of the options use file and field numbers.
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Both file numbers and field numbers are 1 based, i.e., the first file on
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the command line is file number 1 and the first field is field number 1.
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The following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl a Ar file_number
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In addition to the default output, produce a line for each unpairable
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line in file
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.Ar file_number .
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.It Fl e Ar string
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Replace empty output fields with
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.Ar string .
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.It Fl o Ar list
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The
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.Fl o
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option specifies the fields that will be output from each file for
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each line with matching join fields.
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Each element of
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.Ar list
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has either the form
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.Ar file_number . Ns Ar field ,
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where
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.Ar file_number
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is a file number and
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.Ar field
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is a field number, or the form
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.Ql 0
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.Pq zero ,
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representing the join field.
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The elements of list must be either comma
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.Pq Ql \&,
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or whitespace separated.
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(The latter requires quoting to protect it from the shell, or, a simpler
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approach is to use multiple
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.Fl o
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options.)
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.It Fl t Ar char
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Use character
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.Ar char
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as a field delimiter for both input and output.
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Every occurrence of
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.Ar char
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in a line is significant.
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.It Fl v Ar file_number
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Do not display the default output, but display a line for each unpairable
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line in file
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.Ar file_number .
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The options
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.Fl v Cm 1
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and
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.Fl v Cm 2
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may be specified at the same time.
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.It Fl 1 Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of
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.Ar file1 .
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.It Fl 2 Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of
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.Ar file2 .
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.El
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.Pp
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When the default field delimiter characters are used, the files to be joined
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should be ordered in the collating sequence of
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.Xr sort 1 ,
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using the
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.Fl b
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option, on the fields on which they are to be joined, otherwise
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.Nm
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may not report all field matches.
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When the field delimiter characters are specified by the
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.Fl t
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option, the collating sequence should be the same as
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.Xr sort 1
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without the
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.Fl b
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option.
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.Pp
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If one of the arguments
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.Ar file1
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or
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.Ar file2
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is
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.Sq Fl ,
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the standard input is used.
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.Sh EXIT STATUS
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.Ex -std
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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Assuming a file named
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.Pa nobel_laureates.txt
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with information about some of the first Nobel Peace Prize laureates:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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1901,Jean Henri Dunant,M
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1901,Frederic Passy,M
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1902,Elie Ducommun,M
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1905,Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita Von Suttner,F
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1910,Permanent International Peace Bureau,
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.Ed
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.Pp
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and a second file
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.Pa nobel_nationalities.txt
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with their nationalities:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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Jean Henri Dunant,Switzerland
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Frederic Passy,France
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Elie Ducommun,Switzerland
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Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita Von Suttner
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Join the two files using the second column from first file and the default first
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column from second file specifying a custom field delimiter:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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$ join -t, -1 2 nobel_laureates.txt nobel_nationalities.txt
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Jean Henri Dunant,1901,M,Switzerland
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Frederic Passy,1901,M,France
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Elie Ducommun,1902,M,Switzerland
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Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita Von Suttner,1905,F
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Show only the year and the nationality of the laureate using
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.Ql <<NULL>>
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to replace empty fields:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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$ join -e "<<NULL>>" -t, -1 2 -o "1.1 2.2" nobel_laureates.txt nobel_nationalities.txt
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1901,Switzerland
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1901,France
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1902,Switzerland
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1905,<<NULL>>
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Show only lines from first file which do not have a match in second file:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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$ join -v1 -t, -1 2 nobel_laureates.txt nobel_nationalities.txt
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Permanent International Peace Bureau,1910,
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Assuming a file named
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.Pa capitals.txt
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with the following content:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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Belgium,Brussels
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France,Paris
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Italy,Rome
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Switzerland
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Show the name and capital of the country where the laureate was born.
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This example uses
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.Pa nobel_nationalities.txt
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as a bridge but does not show any information from that file.
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Also see the note about
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.Xr sort 1
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above to understand why we need to sort the intermediate result.
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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$ join -t, -1 2 -o 1.2 2.2 nobel_laureates.txt nobel_nationalities.txt | \e
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sort -k2 -t, | join -t, -e "<<NULL>>" -1 2 -o 1.1 2.2 - capitals.txt
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Elie Ducommun,<<NULL>>
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Jean Henri Dunant,<<NULL>>
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.Ed
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.Sh COMPATIBILITY
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For compatibility with historic versions of
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.Nm ,
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the following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl a
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In addition to the default output, produce a line for each unpairable line
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in both
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.Ar file1
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and
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.Ar file2 .
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.It Fl j1 Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of
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.Ar file1 .
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.It Fl j2 Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of
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.Ar file2 .
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.It Fl j Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of both
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.Ar file1
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and
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.Ar file2 .
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.It Fl o Ar list ...
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Historical implementations of
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.Nm
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permitted multiple arguments to the
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.Fl o
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option.
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These arguments were of the form
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.Ar file_number . Ns Ar field_number
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as described
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for the current
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.Fl o
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option.
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This has obvious difficulties in the presence of files named
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.Pa 1.2 .
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.El
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.Pp
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These options are available only so historic shell scripts do not require
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modification and should not be used.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr awk 1 ,
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.Xr comm 1 ,
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.Xr paste 1 ,
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.Xr sort 1 ,
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.Xr uniq 1
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.Sh STANDARDS
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The
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.Nm
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command conforms to
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.St -p1003.1-2001 .
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