mirror of
https://git.FreeBSD.org/src.git
synced 2024-12-24 11:29:10 +00:00
209 lines
8.6 KiB
Plaintext
209 lines
8.6 KiB
Plaintext
<!-- This is an SGML document in the linuxdoc DTD describing
|
|
disk quotas under FreeBSD. By Mike Pritchard, 1996.
|
|
|
|
$Id: quotas.sgml,v 1.5 1997/02/22 12:59:12 peter Exp $
|
|
|
|
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE linuxdoc PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD linuxdoc//EN">
|
|
|
|
<article>
|
|
<title> Disk quotas
|
|
<author> Mike Pritchard <tt/mpp@FreeBSD.org/
|
|
<date> 26 February 1996, (c) 1996
|
|
|
|
<abstract> This document describes configuration and administration
|
|
of disk quotas under FreeBSD. </abstract>
|
|
|
|
<toc>
|
|
-->
|
|
|
|
<chapt><heading>Disk quotas<label id="quotas"></heading>
|
|
|
|
<p><em>Contributed by &a.mpp;.<newline>26 February 1996</em>
|
|
|
|
Quotas are an optional feature of the operating system that allow
|
|
you to limit the amount of disk space and/or the number of files
|
|
a user, or members of a group, may allocate on a per-file system basis.
|
|
This is used most often on timesharing systems where it is desirable
|
|
to limit the amount of resources any one user or group of users may
|
|
allocate. This will prevent one user from consuming all of
|
|
the available disk space.
|
|
|
|
<sect><heading>Configuring your system to enable disk quotas</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>Before attempting to use disk quotas it is
|
|
necessary to make sure that quotas are configured in your kernel.
|
|
This is done by adding the following line to your kernel configuration file:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
options QUOTA
|
|
</verb>
|
|
The stock GENERIC kernel does not have this enabled by default, so you
|
|
will have to configure, build and install a custom kernel in order to use
|
|
disk quotas. Please refer to the
|
|
<ref id="kernelconfig" name="Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel">
|
|
section for more information on kernel configuration.
|
|
|
|
<p>Next you will need to enable disk quotas in <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt>.
|
|
This is done by changing the line:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
quotas=NO
|
|
</verb>
|
|
to:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
quotas=YES
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>Finally you will need to edit <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> to enable
|
|
disk quotas on a per-file system basis. This is where you can
|
|
either enable user or group quotas or both for all of your file
|
|
systems.
|
|
|
|
<p>To enable per-user quotas on a file system, add the
|
|
<tt>userquota</tt> option to the options field in the
|
|
<tt>/etc/fstab</tt> entry for the file system you want to
|
|
to enable quotas on. For example:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
/dev/sd1s2g /home ufs rw,userquota 1 2
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>Similarly, to enable group quotas, use the <tt>groupquota</tt>
|
|
option instead of the <tt>userquota</tt> keyword. To enable both
|
|
user and group quotas, change the entry as follows:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
/dev/sd1s2g /home ufs rw,userquota,groupquota 1 2
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>By default the quota files are stored in the root directory of the file
|
|
system with the names <tt>quota.user</tt> and <tt>quota.group</tt>
|
|
for user and group quotas respectively. See <tt>man fstab</tt> for more
|
|
information. Even though that man page says that you can specify an
|
|
alternate location for the quota files, this is not recommended since
|
|
all of the various quota utilities do not seem to handle this
|
|
properly.
|
|
|
|
<p>At this point you should reboot your system with your new kernel.
|
|
<tt>/etc/rc</tt> will automatically run the appropriate commands to
|
|
create the initial quota files for all of the quotas you enabled
|
|
in <tt>/etc/fstab</tt>, so there is no need to manually create any
|
|
zero length quota files.
|
|
|
|
<p>In the normal course of operations you should not be required
|
|
to run the <tt>quotacheck</tt>, <tt>quotaon</tt>, or <tt>quotaoff</tt>
|
|
commands manually. However, you may want to read their man pages
|
|
just to be familiar with their operation.
|
|
|
|
<sect><heading>Setting quota limits</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>Once you have configured your system to enable quotas, verify that
|
|
they really are enabled. An easy way to do this is to run
|
|
<tt>quota -v</tt>. You should see a one line summary of disk
|
|
usage and current quota limits for each file system that
|
|
quotas are enabled on.
|
|
|
|
<p>You are now ready to start assigning quota limits
|
|
with the <tt>edquota</tt> command.
|
|
|
|
<p>You have several options on how to enforce limits on the amount of
|
|
disk space a user or group may allocate, and how many files they may create.
|
|
You may limit allocations based on disk space (block quotas) or
|
|
number of files (inode quotas) or a combination of both.
|
|
Each of these limits are further broken down into two categories: hard and
|
|
soft limits.
|
|
|
|
<p>A hard limit may not be exceeded. Once a user reaches their hard
|
|
limit they may not make any further allocations on the file system
|
|
in question. For example, if the user has a hard limit of 500 blocks
|
|
on a file system and is currently using 490 blocks, the user can only allocate
|
|
an additional 10 blocks. Attempting to allocate an additional 11 blocks
|
|
will fail.
|
|
|
|
<p>Soft limits on the other hand can be exceeded for a limited amount
|
|
of time. This period of time is known as the grace period, which is
|
|
one week by default. If a user stays over his or her soft limit longer
|
|
than their grace period, the soft limit will turn into a hard limit
|
|
and no further allocations will be allowed. When the user drops
|
|
back below the soft limit, the grace period will be reset.
|
|
|
|
<p>The following is an example of what you might see when
|
|
you run then <tt>edquota</tt> command. When the <tt>edquota</tt>
|
|
command is invoked, you are placed into the editor specified by the
|
|
<tt>EDITOR</tt> environment variable, or in the <tt>vi</tt> editor
|
|
if the <tt>EDITOR</tt> variable is not set, to
|
|
allow you to edit the quota limits.
|
|
<verb>
|
|
# edquota -u test
|
|
Quotas for user test:
|
|
/usr: blocks in use: 65, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)
|
|
inodes in use: 7, limits (soft = 50, hard = 60)
|
|
/usr/var: blocks in use: 0, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)
|
|
inodes in use: 0, limits (soft = 50, hard = 60)
|
|
</verb>
|
|
You will normally see two lines for each file system that has
|
|
quotas enabled. One line for the block limits, and one line
|
|
for inode limits. Simply change the value you want updated
|
|
to modify the quota limit. For example, to raise this users
|
|
block limit from a soft limit of 50 and a hard limit of 75
|
|
to a soft limit of 500 and a hard limit of 600, change:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
/usr: blocks in use: 65, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)
|
|
</verb>
|
|
to:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
/usr: blocks in use: 65, limits (soft = 500, hard = 600)
|
|
</verb>
|
|
The new quota limits will be in place when you exit the editor.
|
|
|
|
<p>Sometimes it is desirable to set quota limits on a range
|
|
of uids. This can be done by use of the <tt>-p</tt> option
|
|
on the <tt>edquota</tt> command. First, assign the desired
|
|
quota limit to a user, and then run
|
|
<tt>edquota -p protouser startuid-enduid</tt>.
|
|
For example, if user <tt>test</tt> has the desired quota
|
|
limits, the following command can be used to duplicate
|
|
those quota limits for uids 10,000 through 19,999:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
edquota -p test 10000-19999
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>The ability to specify uid ranges was added to the system
|
|
after 2.1 was released. If you need this feature on a 2.1
|
|
system, you will need to obtain a newer copy of edquota.
|
|
|
|
<p>See <tt>man edquota</tt> for more detailed information.
|
|
|
|
<sect><heading>Checking quota limits and disk usage</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>You can use either the <tt>quota</tt> or the <tt>repquota</tt>
|
|
commands to check quota limits and disk usage. The <tt>quota</tt>
|
|
command can be used to check individual user and group quotas and
|
|
disk usage. Only the super-user may examine quotas and usage for
|
|
other users, or for groups that they are not a member of.
|
|
The <tt>repquota</tt> command can be used to get a summary of all
|
|
quotas and disk usage for file systems with quotas enabled.
|
|
|
|
<p>The following is some sample output from the <tt>quota -v</tt>
|
|
command for a user that has quota limits on two file systems.
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
Disk quotas for user test (uid 1002):
|
|
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
|
|
/usr 65* 50 75 5days 7 50 60
|
|
/usr/var 0 50 75 0 50 60
|
|
</verb>
|
|
On the /usr file system in the above example this user is
|
|
currently 15 blocks over their soft limit of 50 blocks and has 5 days of
|
|
their grace period left. Note the asterisk (*) which indicates that
|
|
the user is currently over their quota limit.
|
|
|
|
<p>Normally file systems that the user is not using any disk space
|
|
on will not show up in the output from the <tt>quota</tt> command,
|
|
even if they have a quota limit assigned for that file system.
|
|
The <tt>-v</tt> option will display those file systems, such as
|
|
the <tt>/usr/var</tt> file system in the above example.
|
|
|
|
<sect><heading>* Quotas over NFS</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>This section is still under development.
|
|
|