freebsd/usr.sbin/mtree/mtree.8

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.\"     From: @(#)mtree.8	8.2 (Berkeley) 12/11/93
.\"	$Id: mtree.8,v 1.13 1998/06/10 06:45:08 peter Exp $
.\"
.Dd February 26, 1999
.Dt MTREE 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm mtree
.Nd map a directory hierarchy
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm mtree
.Op Fl cdeinrUux
.Op Fl f Ar spec
.Op Fl K Ar keywords
.Op Fl k Ar keywords
.Op Fl p Ar path
.Op Fl s Ar seed
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The utility
.Nm mtree
compares the file hierarchy rooted in the current directory against a
specification read from the standard input.
Messages are written to the standard output for any files whose
characteristics do not match the specifications, or which are
missing from either the file hierarchy or the specification.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width flag
.It Fl c
Print a specification for the file hierarchy to the standard output.
.It Fl d
Ignore everything except directory type files.
.It Fl e
Don't complain about files that are in the file hierarchy, but not in the
specification.
.It Fl f Ar file
Read the specification from
.Ar file  ,
instead of from the standard input.
.It Fl i
Indent the output 4 spaces each time a directory level is descended when
create a specification with the
.Fl c
option.
This does not effect either the /set statements or the comment before each
directory.
It does however effect the comment before the close of each directory.
.It Fl K Ar keywords
Add the specified (whitespace or comma separated)
.Ar keywords
to the current set of keywords.
.It Fl k Ar keywords
Use the ``type'' keyword plus the specified (whitespace or comma separated)
.Ar keywords
instead of the current set of keywords.
.It Fl n
Do not emit pathname comments when creating a specification.  Normally 
a comment is emitted before each directory and before the close of that
directory when using the 
.Fl c
option.
.It Fl p Ar path
Use the file hierarchy rooted in
.Ar path  ,
instead of the current directory.
.It Fl r
Remove any files in the file hierarchy that are not described in the
specification.
.It Fl s Ar seed
Display a single checksum to the standard error output that represents all
of the files for which the keyword
.Cm cksum
was specified.
The checksum is seeded with the specified value.
.It Fl U
Modify the owner, group, and permissions of existing files to match
the specification and create any missing directories.
User, group, and permissions must all be specified for missing directories
to be created.
Exit with a status of 0 on success, 1 if any error occurred,
a mismatch is not considered an error if it was corrected.
.It Fl u
Same as
.Fl U
except a status of 2 is returned if the file hierarchy did not match
the specification.
.It Fl x
Don't descend below mount points in the file hierarchy.
.El
.Pp
Specifications are mostly composed of ``keywords'', i.e. strings that
that specify values relating to files.
No keywords have default values, and if a keyword has no value set, no
checks based on it are performed.
.Pp
Currently supported keywords are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Cm
.It Cm cksum
The checksum of the file using the default algorithm specified by
the
.Xr cksum 1
utility.
.It Cm ignore
Ignore any file hierarchy below this file.
.It Cm gid
The file group as a numeric value.
.It Cm gname
The file group as a symbolic name.
.It Cm md5digest
The MD5 message digest of the file.
.It Cm sha1digest
The 
.Tn FIPS
160-1
.Pq Dq Tn SHA-1
message digest of the file.
.It Cm ripemd160digest
The
.Tn RIPEMD160
message digest of the file.
.It Cm mode
The current file's permissions as a numeric (octal) or symbolic
value.
.It Cm nlink
The number of hard links the file is expected to have.
.It Cm nochange
Make sure this file or directory exists but otherwise ignore all attributes.
.It Cm uid
The file owner as a numeric value.
.It Cm uname
The file owner as a symbolic name.
.It Cm size
The size, in bytes, of the file.
.It Cm link
The file the symbolic link is expected to reference.
.It Cm time
The last modification time of the file.
.It Cm type
The type of the file; may be set to any one of the following:
.sp
.Bl -tag -width Cm -compact
.It Cm block
block special device
.It Cm char
character special device
.It Cm dir
directory
.It Cm fifo
fifo
.It Cm file
regular file
.It Cm link
symbolic link
.It Cm socket
socket
.El
.El
.Pp
The default set of keywords are
.Cm gid ,
.Cm mode ,
.Cm nlink ,
.Cm size ,
.Cm link ,
.Cm time ,
and
.Cm uid .
.Pp
There are four types of lines in a specification.
.Pp
The first type of line sets a global value for a keyword, and consists of
the string ``/set'' followed by whitespace, followed by sets of keyword/value
pairs, separated by whitespace.
Keyword/value pairs consist of a keyword, followed by an equals sign
(``=''), followed by a value, without whitespace characters.
Once a keyword has been set, its value remains unchanged until either
reset or unset.
.Pp
The second type of line unsets keywords and consists of the string
``/unset'', followed by whitespace, followed by one or more keywords,
separated by whitespace.
.Pp
The third type of line is a file specification and consists of a file
name, followed by whitespace, followed by zero or more whitespace
separated keyword/value pairs.
The file name may be preceded by whitespace characters.
The file name may contain any of the standard file name matching
characters (``['', ``]'', ``?'' or ``*''), in which case files
in the hierarchy will be associated with the first pattern that
they match.
.Pp
Each of the keyword/value pairs consist of a keyword, followed by an
equals sign (``=''), followed by the keyword's value, without
whitespace characters.
These values override, without changing, the global value of the
corresponding keyword.
.Pp
All paths are relative.
Specifying a directory will cause subsequent files to be searched
for in that directory hierarchy.
Which brings us to the last type of line in a specification: a line
containing only the string
.Dq Nm \&..
causes the current directory
path to ascend one level.
.Pp
Empty lines and lines whose first non-whitespace character is a hash
mark (``#'') are ignored.
.Pp
The
.Nm
utility exits with a status of 0 on success, 1 if any error occurred,
and 2 if the file hierarchy did not match the specification.
A status of 2 is converted to a status of 0 if the
.Fl U
option is used.
.Sh EXAMPLES
To detect system binaries that have been ``trojan horsed'', it is recommended
that
.Nm
.Fl K
.Cm sha1digest
be run on the file systems, and a copy of the results stored on a different
machine, or, at least, in encrypted form.
The output file itself should be digested using the
.Xr md5 1
utility.
Then, periodically,
.Nm
and
.Xr md5 1
should be run against the on-line specifications.
While it is possible for the bad guys to change the on-line specifications
to conform to their modified binaries, it is believed to be
impractical for them to create a modified specification which has
the same MD5 digest as the original.
.Pp
The
.Fl d
and
.Fl u
options can be used in combination to create directory hierarchies
for distributions and other such things; the files in
.Pa /etc/mtree
were used to create almost all directories in this
.Tn FreeBSD
distribution.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /etc/mtree -compact
.It Pa /etc/mtree
system specification directory
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr chgrp 1 ,
.Xr chmod 1 ,
.Xr cksum 1 ,
.Xr md5 1 ,
.Xr stat 2 ,
.Xr fts 3 ,
.Xr md5 3 ,
.Xr chown 8
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
utility appeared in
.Bx 4.3 Reno .
The 
.Tn MD5
digest capability was added in
.Fx 2.1 ,
in response to the widespread use of programs which can spoof
.Xr cksum 1 .
The
.Tn SHA-1
and
.Tn RIPEMD160
digests were added in
.Fx 4.0 ,
as new attacks have demonstrated weaknesses in
.Tn MD5 .