freebsd/share/termcap/termcap.5

.\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991, 1993, 1994
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"     @(#)termcap.5	8.3 (Berkeley) 4/16/94
.\"
.\" /***************************************************************************
.\" *                            COPYRIGHT NOTICE                              *
.\" ****************************************************************************
.\" *                ncurses is copyright (C) 1992-1995                        *
.\" *                          Zeyd M. Ben-Halim                               *
.\" *                          zmbenhal@netcom.com                             *
.\" *                          Eric S. Raymond                                 *
.\" *                          esr@snark.thyrsus.com                           *
.\" *                                                                          *
.\" *        Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute ncurses  *
.\" *        by any means and for any fee, whether alone or as part of a       *
.\" *        larger distribution, in source or in binary form, PROVIDED        *
.\" *        this notice is included with any such distribution, and is not    *
.\" *        removed from any of its header files. Mention of ncurses in any   *
.\" *        applications linked with it is highly appreciated.                *
.\" *                                                                          *
.\" *        ncurses comes AS IS with no warranty, implied or expressed.       *
.\" *                                                                          *
.\" ***************************************************************************/
.\"
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd December 13, 2009
.Dt TERMCAP 5
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm termcap
.Nd terminal capability data base
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
file
is a data base describing terminals,
used,
for example,
by
.Xr \&vi 1
and
.Xr ncurses 3 .
Terminals are described in
.Nm
by giving a set of capabilities that they have and by describing
how operations are performed.
Padding requirements and initialization sequences
are included in
.Nm .
.Pp
Entries in
.Nm
consist of a number of `:'-separated fields.
The first entry for each terminal gives the names that are known for the
terminal, separated by `|' characters.
The first name given is the most common abbreviation for the terminal.
The last name given should be a long name fully identifying the terminal,
and all others are understood as synonyms for the terminal name.
All names but the last should be in lower case and contain no blanks;
the last name may well contain upper case characters and blanks for
readability.
.Pp
Terminal names (except for the last, verbose entry)
should be chosen using the following conventions.
The particular piece of hardware making up the terminal
should have a root name chosen, thus
.Dq hp2621
This name should not contain hyphens.
Modes that the hardware can be in
or user preferences
should be indicated by appending a hyphen and an indicator of the mode.
Therefore, a
.Dq vt100
in 132-column mode would be
.Dq vt100-w .
The following suffixes should be used where possible:
.Bl -column indent "With automatic margins (usually default)xx" -offset indent
.Sy "Suffix	Meaning	Example"
-w	Wide mode (more than 80 columns)	vt100-w
-am	With automatic margins (usually default)	vt100-am
-nam	Without automatic margins	vt100-nam
.Pf \- Ar n Ta No "Number of lines on screen	aaa-60"
-na	No arrow keys (leave them in local)	concept100-na
.Pf \- Ar \&np Ta No "Number of pages of memory	concept100-4p"
-rv	Reverse video	concept100-rv
.El
.Sh CAPABILITIES
The description field attempts to convey the semantics of the
capability.
You may find some codes in the description field:
.Bl -tag -width #[1-9]
.It (P)
indicates that padding may be specified.
.It #[1-9]
in the description field indicates that the string is passed through
.Xr tparm 3
or
.Xr tgoto 3
with parms as given (#\fIi\fP).
.It (P*)
indicates that padding may vary in proportion to the number of
lines affected.
.It (#\d\fIi\fP\u)
indicates the \fIi\fP\uth\d parameter.
.El
.Pp
These are the boolean capabilities:
.Bd -literal
\fBBoolean			TCap	Description\fR
\fBVariables		Code\fR
auto_left_margin	bw	cursor_left wraps from column 0	to last
				column
auto_right_margin	am	terminal has automatic margins
no_esc_ctlc		xb	beehive	(f1=escape, f2=ctrl C)
ceol_standout_glitch	xs	standout not erased by overwriting (hp)
eat_newline_glitch	xn	newline	ignored	after 80 cols (concept)
erase_overstrike	eo	can erase overstrikes with a blank
generic_type		gn	generic	line type
hard_copy		hc	hardcopy terminal
has_meta_key		km	Has a meta key,	sets msb high
has_status_line		hs	has extra status line
insert_null_glitch	in	insert mode distinguishes nulls
memory_above		da	display	may be retained	above the screen
memory_below		db	display	may be retained	below the screen
move_insert_mode	mi	safe to	move while in insert mode
move_standout_mode	ms	safe to	move while in standout mode
over_strike		os	terminal can overstrike
status_line_esc_ok	es	escape can be used on the status line
dest_tabs_magic_smso	xt	tabs destructive, magic	so char	(t1061)
tilde_glitch		hz	cannot print ~'s (hazeltine)
transparent_underline	ul	underline character overstrikes
xon_xoff		xo	terminal uses xon/xoff handshaking
needs_xon_xoff		nx	padding	will not work, xon/xoff required
prtr_silent		5i	printer	will not echo on screen
hard_cursor		HC	cursor is hard to see
non_rev_rmcup		NR	enter_ca_mode does not reverse exit_ca_mode
no_pad_char		NP	pad character does not exist
non_dest_scroll_region	ND	scrolling region is non-destructive
can_change		cc	terminal can re-define existing	colors
back_color_erase	ut	screen erased with background color
hue_lightness_saturation	hl	terminal uses only HLS color
					notation (tektronix)
col_addr_glitch		YA	only positive motion for column	address	and
				micro_column_address caps
cr_cancels_micro_mode	YB	using cr turns off micro mode
has_print_wheel		YC	printer	needs operator to change character
				set
row_addr_glitch		YD	only positive motion for row_address and
				micro_row_address caps
semi_auto_right_margin	YE	printing in last column	causes cr
cpi_changes_res		YF	changing character pitch changes resolution
lpi_changes_res		YG	changing line pitch changes resolution
.Ed
.Pp
These are the numeric capabilities:
.Bd -literal
\fBNumeric			TCap	Description\fR
\fBVariables		Code\fR
columns			co	number of columns in aline
init_tabs		it	tabs initially every # spaces
lines			li	number of lines	on screen or page
lines_of_memory		lm	lines of memory	if > line. 0 =>	varies
magic_cookie_glitch	sg	number of blank	chars left by
				enter_standout_mode or exit_standout_mode
padding_baud_rate	pb	lowest baud rate where padding needed
virtual_terminal	vt	virtual	terminal number	(CB/unix)
width_status_line	ws	columns	in status line
num_labels		Nl	number of labels on screen
label_height		lh	rows in	each label
label_width		lw	columns	in each	label
max_attributes		ma	maximum	combined attributes terminal can
				handle
maximum_windows		MW	maximum	number of definable windows
magic_cookie_glitch_ul	ug	number of blanks left by underline
#
# These came in with SVr4's color support
#
max_colors		Co	maximum	numbers	of colors on screen
max_pairs		pa	maximum	number of color-pairs on the screen
no_color_video		NC	video attributes that cannot be used with
				colors
#
# The following	numeric	capabilities are present in the	SVr4.0 term
# structure, but are not yet documented	in the man page.
# They came in with SVr4's printer support.
#
buffer_capacity		Ya	numbers	of bytes buffered before printing
dot_vert_spacing	Yb	spacing	of pins	vertically in pins per inch
dot_horz_spacing	Yc	spacing	of dots	horizontally in	dots per
				inch
max_micro_address	Yd	maximum	value in micro_..._address
max_micro_jump		Ye	maximum	value in parm_..._micro
micro_char_size		Yf	character size when in micro mode
micro_line_size		Yg	line size when in micro	mode
number_of_pins		Yh	numbers	of pins	in print-head
output_res_char		Yi	horizontal resolution in units per line
output_res_line		Yj	vertical resolution in units per line
output_res_horz_inch	Yk	horizontal resolution in units per inch
output_res_vert_inch	Yl	vertical resolution in units per inch
print_rate		Ym	print rate in chars per	second
wide_char_size		Yn	character step size when in double wide
				mode
buttons			BT	number of buttons on mouse
bit_image_entwining	Yo	number of passed for each bit-image row
bit_image_type		Yp	type of	bit-image device
.Ed
.Pp
These are the string capabilities:
.Bd -literal
\fBString			TCap	Description\fR
\fBVariables		Code\fR
back_tab		bt	back tab (P)
bell			bl	audible	signal (bell) (P)
carriage_return		cr	carriage return	(P*)
change_scroll_region	cs	change region to line #1 to line #2 (P)
clear_all_tabs		ct	clear all tab stops (P)
clear_screen		cl	clear screen and home cursor (P*)
clr_eol			ce	clear to end of	line (P)
clr_eos			cd	clear to end of	screen (P*)
column_address		ch	horizontal position #1,	absolute (P)
command_character	CC	terminal settable cmd character	in
				prototype
cursor_address		cm	move to	row #1 columns #2
cursor_down		do	down one line
cursor_home		ho	home cursor
cursor_invisible	vi	make cursor invisible
cursor_left		le	move left one space
cursor_mem_address	CM	memory relative	cursor addressing
cursor_normal		ve	make cursor appear normal (undo
				cursor_invisible/cursor_visible)
cursor_right		nd	move right one space
cursor_to_ll		ll	last line, first column
cursor_up		up	up one line
cursor_visible		vs	make cursor very visible
delete_character	dc	delete character (P*)
delete_line		dl	delete line (P*)
dis_status_line		ds	disable	status line
down_half_line		hd	half a line down
enter_alt_charset_mode	as	start alternate	character set (P)
enter_blink_mode	mb	turn on	blinking
enter_bold_mode		md	turn on	bold (extra bright) mode
enter_ca_mode		ti	string to start	programs using
				cursor_address
enter_delete_mode	dm	enter delete mode
enter_dim_mode		mh	turn on	half-bright mode
enter_insert_mode	im	enter insert mode
enter_secure_mode	mk	turn on	blank mode (characters invisible)
enter_protected_mode	mp	turn on	protected mode
enter_reverse_mode	mr	turn on	reverse	video mode
enter_standout_mode	so	begin standout mode
enter_underline_mode	us	begin underline	mode
erase_chars		ec	erase #1 characters (P)
exit_alt_charset_mode	ae	end alternate character	set (P)
exit_attribute_mode	me	turn off all attributes
exit_ca_mode		te	strings	to end programs	using cup
exit_delete_mode	ed	end delete mode
exit_insert_mode	ei	exit insert mode
exit_standout_mode	se	exit standout mode
exit_underline_mode	ue	exit underline mode
flash_screen		vb	visible	bell (may not move cursor)
form_feed		ff	hardcopy terminal page eject (P*)
from_status_line	fs	return from status line
init_1string		i1	initialization string
init_2string		is	initialization string
init_3string		i3	initialization string
init_file		if	name of	initialization file
insert_character	ic	insert character (P)
insert_line		al	insert line (P*)
insert_padding		ip	insert padding after inserted character
key_backspace		kb	backspace key
key_catab		ka	clear-all-tabs key
key_clear		kC	clear-screen or	erase key
key_ctab		kt	clear-tab key
key_dc			kD	delete-character key
key_dl			kL	delete-line key
key_down		kd	down-arrow key
key_eic			kM	sent by	rmir or	smir in	insert mode
key_eol			kE	clear-to-end-of-line key
key_eos			kS	clear-to-end-of-screen key
key_f0			k0	F0 function key
key_f1			k1	F1 function key
key_f10			k;	F10 function key
key_f2			k2	F2 function key
key_f3			k3	F3 function key
key_f4			k4	F4 function key
key_f5			k5	F5 function key
key_f6			k6	F6 function key
key_f7			k7	F7 function key
key_f8			k8	F8 function key
key_f9			k9	F9 function key
key_home		kh	home key
key_ic			kI	insert-character key
key_il			kA	insert-line key
key_left		kl	left-arrow key
key_ll			kH	last-line key
key_npage		kN	next-page key
key_ppage		kP	prev-page key
key_right		kr	right-arrow key
key_sf			kF	scroll-forward key
key_sr			kR	scroll-backward	key
key_stab		kT	set-tab	key
key_up			ku	up-arrow key
keypad_local		ke	leave 'keyboard_transmit' mode
keypad_xmit		ks	enter 'keyboard_transmit' mode
lab_f0			l0	label on function key f0 if not	f0
lab_f1			l1	label on function key f1 if not	f1
lab_f10			la	label on function key f10 if not f10
lab_f2			l2	label on function key f2 if not	f2
lab_f3			l3	label on function key f3 if not	f3
lab_f4			l4	label on function key f4 if not	f4
lab_f5			l5	label on function key f5 if not	f5
lab_f6			l6	label on function key f6 if not	f6
lab_f7			l7	label on function key f7 if not	f7
lab_f8			l8	label on function key f8 if not	f8
lab_f9			l9	label on function key f9 if not	f9
meta_off		mo	turn off meta mode
meta_on			mm	turn on	meta mode (8th-bit on)
newline			nw	newline	(behave	like cr	followed by lf)
pad_char		pc	padding	char (instead of null)
parm_dch		DC	delete #1 chars	(P*)
parm_delete_line	DL	delete #1 lines	(P*)
parm_down_cursor	DO	down #1	lines (P*)
parm_ich		IC	insert #1 chars	(P*)
parm_index		SF	scroll forward #1 lines	(P)
parm_insert_line	AL	insert #1 lines	(P*)
parm_left_cursor	LE	move #1	chars to the left (P)
parm_right_cursor	RI	move #1	chars to the right (P*)
parm_rindex		SR	scroll back #1 lines (P)
parm_up_cursor		UP	up #1 lines (P*)
pkey_key		pk	program	function key #1	to type	string #2
pkey_local		pl	program	function key #1	to execute
				string #2
pkey_xmit		px	program	function key #1	to transmit
				string #2
print_screen		ps	print contents of screen
prtr_off		pf	turn off printer
prtr_on			po	turn on	printer
repeat_char		rp	repeat char #1 #2 times	(P*)
reset_1string		r1	reset string
reset_2string		r2	reset string
reset_3string		r3	reset string
reset_file		rf	name of	reset file
restore_cursor		rc	restore	cursor to last position	of
				save_cursor
row_address		cv	vertical position #1 absolute (P)
save_cursor		sc	save current cursor position (P)
scroll_forward		sf	scroll text up (P)
scroll_reverse		sr	scroll text down (P)
set_attributes		sa	define video attributes	#1-#9 (PG9)
set_tab			st	set a tab in every row,	current	columns
set_window		wi	current	window is lines	#1-#2 cols #3-#4
tab			ta	tab to next 8-space hardware tab stop
to_status_line		ts	move to	status line
underline_char		uc	underline char and move	past it
up_half_line		hu	half a line up
init_prog		iP	path name of program for initialization
key_a1			K1	upper left of keypad
key_a3			K3	upper right of keypad
key_b2			K2	center of keypad
key_c1			K4	lower left of keypad
key_c3			K5	lower right of keypad
prtr_non		pO	turn on	printer	for #1 bytes
termcap_init2		i2	secondary initialization string
termcap_reset		rs	terminal reset string
#
# SVr1 capabilities stop here.	IBM's version of terminfo is the same as
# SVr4 up to this point, but has a different set afterwards.
#
char_padding		rP	like insert_padding but	when in	insert mode
acs_chars		ac	graphics charset pairs - def=vt100
plab_norm		pn	program	label #1 to show string	#2
key_btab		kB	back-tab key
enter_xon_mode		SX	turn on	xon/xoff handshaking
exit_xon_mode		RX	turn off xon/xoff handshaking
enter_am_mode		SA	turn on	automatic margins
exit_am_mode		RA	turn off automatic margins
xon_character		XN	XON character
xoff_character		XF	XOFF character
ena_acs			eA	enable alternate char set
label_on		LO	turn on	soft labels
label_off		LF	turn off soft labels
key_beg			@1	begin key
key_cancel		@2	cancel key
key_close		@3	close key
key_command		@4	command	key
key_copy		@5	copy key
key_create		@6	create key
key_end			@7	end key
key_enter		@8	enter/send key
key_exit		@9	exit key
key_find		@0	find key
key_help		%1	help key
key_mark		%2	mark key
key_message		%3	message	key
key_move		%4	move key
key_next		%5	next key
key_open		%6	open key
key_options		%7	options	key
key_previous		%8	previous key
key_print		%9	print key
key_redo		%0	redo key
key_reference		&1	reference key
key_refresh		&2	refresh	key
key_replace		&3	replace	key
key_restart		&4	restart	key
key_resume		&5	resume key
key_save		&6	save key
key_suspend		&7	suspend	key
key_undo		&8	undo key
key_sbeg		&9	shifted	key
key_scancel		&0	shifted	key
key_scommand		*1	shifted	key
key_scopy		*2	shifted	key
key_screate		*3	shifted	key
key_sdc			*4	shifted	key
key_sdl			*5	shifted	key
key_select		*6	select key
key_send		*7	shifted	key
key_seol		*8	shifted	key
key_sexit		*9	shifted	key
key_sfind		*0	shifted	key
key_shelp		#1	shifted	key
key_shome		#2	shifted	key
key_sic			#3	shifted	key
key_sleft		#4	shifted	key
key_smessage		%a	shifted	key
key_smove		%b	shifted	key
key_snext		%c	shifted	key
key_soptions		%d	shifted	key
key_sprevious		%e	shifted	key
key_sprint		%f	shifted	key
key_sredo		%g	shifted	key
key_sreplace		%h	shifted	key
key_sright		%i	shifted	key
key_srsume		%j	shifted	key
key_ssave		!1	shifted	key
key_ssuspend		!2	shifted	key
key_sundo		!3	shifted	key
req_for_input		RF	send next input	char (for ptys)
key_f11			F1	F11 function key
key_f12			F2	F12 function key
key_f13			F3	F13 function key
key_f14			F4	F14 function key
key_f15			F5	F15 function key
key_f16			F6	F16 function key
key_f17			F7	F17 function key
key_f18			F8	F18 function key
key_f19			F9	F19 function key
key_f20			FA	F20 function key
key_f21			FB	F21 function key
key_f22			FC	F22 function key
key_f23			FD	F23 function key
key_f24			FE	F24 function key
key_f25			FF	F25 function key
key_f26			FG	F26 function key
key_f27			FH	F27 function key
key_f28			FI	F28 function key
key_f29			FJ	F29 function key
key_f30			FK	F30 function key
key_f31			FL	F31 function key
key_f32			FM	F32 function key
key_f33			FN	F33 function key
key_f34			FO	F34 function key
key_f35			FP	F35 function key
key_f36			FQ	F36 function key
key_f37			FR	F37 function key
key_f38			FS	F38 function key
key_f39			FT	F39 function key
key_f40			FU	F40 function key
key_f41			FV	F41 function key
key_f42			FW	F42 function key
key_f43			FX	F43 function key
key_f44			FY	F44 function key
key_f45			FZ	F45 function key
key_f46			Fa	F46 function key
key_f47			Fb	F47 function key
key_f48			Fc	F48 function key
key_f49			Fd	F49 function key
key_f50			Fe	F50 function key
key_f51			Ff	F51 function key
key_f52			Fg	F52 function key
key_f53			Fh	F53 function key
key_f54			Fi	F54 function key
key_f55			Fj	F55 function key
key_f56			Fk	F56 function key
key_f57			Fl	F57 function key
key_f58			Fm	F58 function key
key_f59			Fn	F59 function key
key_f60			Fo	F60 function key
key_f61			Fp	F61 function key
key_f62			Fq	F62 function key
key_f63			Fr	F63 function key
clr_bol			cb	Clear to beginning of line
clear_margins		MC	clear right and	left soft margins
set_left_margin		ML	set left soft margin
set_right_margin	MR	set right soft margin
label_format		Lf	label format
set_clock		SC	set clock, #1 hrs #2 mins #3 secs
display_clock		DK	display	clock at (#1,#2)
remove_clock		RC	remove clock
create_window		CW	define a window	#1 from	#2, #3 to #4, #5
goto_window		WG	go to window #1
hangup			HU	hang-up	phone
dial_phone		DI	dial number #1
quick_dial		QD	dial number #1 without checking
tone			TO	select touch tone dialing
pulse			PU	select pulse dialling
flash_hook		fh	flash switch hook
fixed_pause		PA	pause for 2-3 seconds
wait_tone		WA	wait for dial-tone
user0			u0	User string #0
user1			u1	User string #1
user2			u2	User string #2
user3			u3	User string #3
user4			u4	User string #4
user5			u5	User string #5
user6			u6	User string #6
user7			u7	User string #7
user8			u8	User string #8
user9			u9	User string #9
#
# SVr4 added these capabilities to support color
#
orig_pair		op	Set default pair to its	original value
orig_colors		oc	Set all	color pairs to the original ones
initialize_color	Ic	initialize color #1 to (#2,#3,#4)
initialize_pair		Ip	Initialize color pair #1 to fg=(#2,#3,#4),
				bg=(#5,#6,#7)
set_color_pair		sp	Set current color pair to #1
set_foreground		Sf	Set foreground color #1
set_background		Sb	Set background color #1
#
# SVr4 added these capabilities to support printers
#
change_char_pitch	ZA	Change number of characters per	inch
change_line_pitch	ZB	Change number of lines per inch
change_res_horz		ZC	Change horizontal resolution
change_res_vert		ZD	Change vertical	resolution
define_char		ZE	Define a character
enter_doublewide_mode	ZF	Enter double-wide mode
enter_draft_quality	ZG	Enter draft-quality mode
enter_italics_mode	ZH	Enter italic mode
enter_leftward_mode	ZI	Start leftward carriage	motion
enter_micro_mode	ZJ	Start micro-motion mode
enter_near_letter_quality	ZK	Enter NLQ mode
enter_normal_quality	ZL	Enter normal-quality mode
enter_shadow_mode	ZM	Enter shadow-print mode
enter_subscript_mode	ZN	Enter subscript	mode
enter_superscript_mode	ZO	Enter superscript mode
enter_upward_mode	ZP	Start upward carriage motion
exit_doublewide_mode	ZQ	End double-wide	mode
exit_italics_mode	ZR	End italic mode
exit_leftward_mode	ZS	End left-motion	mode
exit_micro_mode		ZT	End micro-motion mode
exit_shadow_mode	ZU	End shadow-print mode
exit_subscript_mode	ZV	End subscript mode
exit_superscript_mode	ZW	End superscript	mode
exit_upward_mode	ZX	End reverse character motion
micro_column_address	ZY	Like column_address in micro mode
micro_down		ZZ	Like cursor_down in micro mode
micro_left		Za	Like cursor_left in micro mode
micro_right		Zb	Like cursor_right in micro mode
micro_row_address	Zc	Like row_address in micro mode
micro_up		Zd	Like cursor_up in micro	mode
order_of_pins		Ze	Match software bits to print-head pins
parm_down_micro		Zf	Like parm_down_cursor in micro mode
parm_left_micro		Zg	Like parm_left_cursor in micro mode
parm_right_micro	Zh	Like parm_right_cursor in micro	mode
parm_up_micro		Zi	Like parm_up_cursor in micro mode
select_char_set		Zj	Select character set
set_bottom_margin	Zk	Set bottom margin at current line
set_bottom_margin_parm	Zl	Set bottom margin at line #1 or	#2 lines
				from bottom
set_left_margin_parm	Zm	Set left (right) margin	at column #1 (#2)
set_right_margin_parm	Zn	Set right margin at column #1
set_top_margin		Zo	Set top	margin at current line
set_top_margin_parm	Zp	Set top	(bottom) margin	at row #1 (#2)
start_bit_image		Zq	Start printing bit image graphics
start_char_set_def	Zr	Start character	set definition
stop_bit_image		Zs	Stop printing bit image	graphics
stop_char_set_def	Zt	End definition of character aet
subscript_characters	Zu	List of	subscriptible characters
superscript_characters	Zv	List of	superscriptible	characters
these_cause_cr		Zw	Printing any of	these chars causes CR
zero_motion		Zx	No motion for subsequent character
#
# The following	string capabilities are	present	in the SVr4.0 term
# structure, but are not documented in the man page.
#
char_set_names		Zy	List of	character set names
key_mouse		Km	Mouse event has	occurred
mouse_info		Mi	Mouse status information
req_mouse_pos		RQ	Request	mouse position
get_mouse		Gm	Curses should get button events
set_a_foreground	AF	Set ANSI foreground color
set_a_background	AB	Set ANSI background color
pkey_plab		xl	Program	function key #1	to type	string #2
				and show string	#3
device_type		dv	Indicate language/codeset support
code_set_init		ci	Init sequence for multiple codesets
set0_des_seq		s0	Shift to code set 0 (EUC set 0,	ASCII)
set1_des_seq		s1	Shift to code set 1
set2_des_seq		s2	Shift to code set 2
set3_des_seq		s3	Shift to code set 3
set_lr_margin		ML	Set both left and right	margins	to #1, #2
set_tb_margin		MT	Sets both top and bottom margins to #1,	#2
bit_image_repeat	Xy	Repeat bit image cell #1 #2 times
bit_image_newline	Zz	Move to	next row of the	bit image
bit_image_carriage_return	Yv	Move to	beginning of same row
color_names		Yw	Give name for color #1
define_bit_image_region	Yx	Define rectangular bit image region
end_bit_image_region	Yy	End a bit-image	region
set_color_band		Yz	Change to ribbon color #1
set_page_length		YZ	Set page length	to #1 lines
#
# SVr4 added these capabilities for direct PC-clone support
#
display_pc_char		S1	Display	PC character
enter_pc_charset_mode	S2	Enter PC character display mode
exit_pc_charset_mode	S3	Exit PC	character display mode
enter_scancode_mode	S4	Enter PC scancode mode
exit_scancode_mode	S5	Exit PC	scancode mode
pc_term_options		S6	PC terminal options
scancode_escape		S7	Escape for scancode emulation
alt_scancode_esc	S8	Alternate escape for scancode emulation
#
# The XSI Curses standard added	these.
#
enter_horizontal_hl_mode	Xh	Enter horizontal highlight mode
enter_left_hl_mode	Xl	Enter left highlight mode
enter_low_hl_mode	Xo	Enter low highlight mode
enter_right_hl_mode	Xr	Enter right highlight mode
enter_top_hl_mode	Xt	Enter top highlight mode
enter_vertical_hl_mode	Xv	Enter vertical highlight mode
.Ed
.Pp
Obsolete termcap capabilities.
New software should not rely on them at all.
.Bd -literal
\fBBoolean			TCap	Description\fR
\fBVariables		Code\fR
linefeed_is_newline	NL	move down with ^J
even_parity		EP	terminal requires even parity
odd_parity		OP	terminal requires odd parity
half_duplex		HD	terminal is half-duplex
lower_case_only		LC	terminal has only lower	case
upper_case_only		UC	terminal has only upper	case
has_hardware_tabs	pt	has 8-char tabs	invoked	with ^I
return_does_clr_eol	xr	return clears the line
tek_4025_insert_line	xx	Tektronix 4025 insert-line glitch
backspaces_with_bs	bs	uses ^H	to move	left
crt_no_scrolling	ns	crt cannot scroll
no_correctly_working_cr	nc	no way to go to	start of line
.Ed
.Bd -literal
\fBNumber			TCap	Description\fR
\fBVariables		Code\fR
backspace_delay		dB	padding	required for ^H
form_feed_delay		dF	padding	required for ^L
horizontal_tab_delay	dT	padding	required for ^I
vertical_tab_delay	dV	padding	required for ^V
number_of_function_keys	kn	count of function keys
carriage_return_delay	dC	pad needed for CR
new_line_delay		dN	pad needed for LF
.Ed
.Bd -literal
\fBString			TCap	Description\fR
\fBVariables		Code\fR
other_non_function_keys	ko	list of	self-mapped keycaps
arrow_key_map		ma	map arrow keys
memory_lock_above	ml	lock visible screen memory above the
				current	line
memory_unlock		mu	unlock visible screen memory above the
				current	line
linefeed_if_not_lf	nl	use to move down
backspace_if_not_bs	bc	move left, if not ^H
.Ed
.Ss A Sample Entry
The following entry, which describes the Concept\-100, is among the more
complex entries in the
.Nm
file as of this writing.
.Bd -literal
ca\||\|concept100\||\|c100\||\|concept\||\|c104\||\|concept100-4p\||\|HDS Concept\-100:\e
	:al=3*\eE^R:am:bl=^G:cd=16*\eE^C:ce=16\eE^U:cl=2*^L:cm=\eEa%+ %+ :\e
	:co#80:.cr=9^M:db:dc=16\eE^A:dl=3*\eE^B:do=^J:ei=\eE\e200:eo:im=\eE^P:in:\e
	:ip=16*:is=\eEU\eEf\eE7\eE5\eE8\eEl\eENH\eEK\eE\e200\eEo&\e200\eEo\e47\eE:k1=\eE5:\e
	:k2=\eE6:k3=\eE7:kb=^h:kd=\eE<:ke=\eEx:kh=\eE?:kl=\eE>:kr=\eE=:ks=\eEX:\e
	:ku=\eE;:le=^H:li#24:mb=\eEC:me=\eEN\e200:mh=\eEE:mi:mk=\eEH:mp=\eEI:\e
	:mr=\eED:nd=\eE=:pb#9600:rp=0.2*\eEr%.%+ :se=\eEd\eEe:sf=^J:so=\eEE\eED:\e
	:.ta=8\et:te=\eEv    \e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\eEp\er\en:\e
	:ti=\eEU\eEv  8p\eEp\er:ue=\eEg:ul:up=\eE;:us=\eEG:\e
	:vb=\eEk\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\eEK:\e
	:ve=\eEw:vs=\eEW:vt#8:xn:\e
	:bs:cr=^M:dC#9:dT#8:nl=^J:ta=^I:pt:
.Ed
.Pp
Entries may continue onto multiple lines by giving a \e as the last
character of a line, and empty fields
may be included for readability (here between the last field on a line
and the first field on the next).
Comments may be included on lines beginning with
.Dq # .
.Ss Types of Capabilities
Capabilities in
.Nm
are of three types: Boolean capabilities,
which indicate particular features that the terminal has;
numeric capabilities,
giving the size of the display or the size of other attributes;
and string capabilities,
which give character sequences that can be used to perform particular
terminal operations.
All capabilities have two-letter codes.
For instance, the fact that
the Concept has
.Em automatic margins
(an automatic return and linefeed
when the end of a line is reached) is indicated by the Boolean capability
.Sy \&am .
Hence the description of the Concept includes
.Sy \&am .
.Pp
Numeric capabilities are followed by the character `#' then the value.
In the example above
.Sy \&co ,
which indicates the number of columns the display has,
gives the value `80' for the Concept.
.Pp
Finally, string-valued capabilities, such as
.Sy \&ce
(clear-to-end-of-line
sequence) are given by the two-letter code, an `=', then a string
ending at the next following `:'.
A delay in milliseconds may appear after
the `=' in such a capability,
which causes padding characters to be supplied by
.Xr tputs 3
after the remainder of the string is sent to provide this delay.
The delay can be either a number,
such as `20', or a number followed by
an `*',
such as `3*'.
An `*' indicates that the padding required is proportional
to the number of lines affected by the operation, and the amount given is
the per-affected-line padding required.
(In the case of insert-character,
the factor is still the number of
.Em lines
affected;
this is always 1 unless the terminal has
.Sy \&in
and the software uses it.)
When an `*' is specified, it is sometimes useful to give a delay of the form
`3.5' to specify a delay per line to tenths of milliseconds.
(Only one decimal place is allowed.)
.Pp
A number of escape sequences are provided in the string-valued capabilities
for easy encoding of control characters there.
.Sy \&\eE
maps to an
.Dv ESC
character,
.Sy \&^X
maps to a control-X for any appropriate X,
and the sequences
.Sy \&\en
.Sy \&\er
.Sy \&\et
.Sy \&\eb
.Sy \&\ef
map to linefeed, return, tab, backspace, and formfeed, respectively.
Finally, characters may be given as three octal digits after a
.Sy \&\e ,
and the characters
.Sy \&^
and
.Sy \&\e
may be given as
.Sy \&\e^
and
.Sy \&\e\e .
If it is necessary to place a
.Sy \&:
in a capability it must be escaped as
.Sy \e:
or be encoded as
.Sy \&\e072 .
If it is necessary to place a
.Dv NUL
character in a string capability it
must be encoded as
.Sy \&\e200 .
(The routines that deal with
.Nm
use C strings and strip the high bits of the output very late, so that
a
.Sy \&\e200
comes out as a
.Sy \&\e000
would.)
.Pp
Sometimes individual capabilities must be commented out.
To do this, put a period before the capability name.
For example, see the first
.Sy \&cr
and
.Sy \&ta
in the example above.
.Ss Preparing Descriptions
The most effective way to prepare a terminal description is by imitating
the description of a similar terminal in
.Nm
and to build up a description gradually, using partial descriptions
with
.Xr \&vi 1
to check that they are correct.
Be aware that a very unusual terminal may expose deficiencies in
the ability of the
.Nm
file to describe it
or bugs in
.Xr \&vi 1 .
To easily test a new terminal description you are working on
you can put it in your home directory in a file called
.Pa .termcap
and programs will look there before looking in
.Pa /usr/share/misc/termcap .
You can also set the environment variable
.Ev TERMPATH
to a list of absolute file pathnames (separated by spaces or colons),
one of which contains the description you are working on,
and programs will search them in the order listed, and nowhere else.
See
.Xr termcap 3 .
The
.Ev TERMCAP
environment variable is usually set to the
.Nm
entry itself
to avoid reading files when starting up a program.
.Pp
To get the padding for insert-line right
(if the terminal manufacturer did not document it),
a severe test is to use
.Xr \&vi 1
to edit
.Pa /etc/passwd
at 9600 baud, delete roughly 16 lines from the middle of the screen,
then hit the `u' key several times quickly.
If the display messes up, more padding is usually needed.
A similar test can be used for insert-character.
.Ss Basic Capabilities
The number of columns on each line of the display is given by the
.Sy \&co
numeric capability.
If the display is a
.Tn CRT ,
then the
number of lines on the screen is given by the
.Sy \&li
capability.
If the display wraps around to the beginning of the next line when
the cursor reaches the right margin, then it should have the
.Sy \&am
capability.
If the terminal can clear its screen,
the code to do this is given by the
.Sy \&cl
string capability.
If the terminal overstrikes
(rather than clearing the position when a character is overwritten),
it should have the
.Sy \&os
capability.
If the terminal is a printing terminal,
with no soft copy unit,
give it both
.Sy \&hc
and
.Sy \&os .
.Pf ( Sy \&os
applies to storage scope terminals,
such as the Tektronix 4010 series,
as well as to hard copy and
.Tn APL
terminals.)
If there is a code to move the cursor to the left edge of the current row,
give this as
.Sy \&cr .
(Normally this will be carriage-return,
.Sy \&^M . )
If there is a code to produce an audible signal (bell, beep,
etc.),
give this as
.Sy \&bl .
.Pp
If there is a code (such as backspace)
to move the cursor one position to the left,
that capability should be given as
.Sy \&le .
Similarly,
codes to move to the right, up, and down
should be given as
.Sy \&nd ,
.Sy \&up ,
and
.Sy \&do ,
respectively.
These
.Em local cursor motions
should not alter the text they pass over;
for example, you would not normally use
.Dq nd=\ \&
unless the terminal has the
.Sy \&os
capability,
because the space would erase the character moved over.
.Pp
A very important point here is that the local cursor motions encoded
in
.Nm
have undefined behavior at the left and top edges of a
.Tn CRT
display.
Programs should never attempt to backspace around the left edge,
unless
.Sy \&bw
is given, and never attempt to go up off the top
using local cursor motions.
.Pp
In order to scroll text up,
a program goes to the bottom left corner of the screen and sends the
.Sy \&sf
(index) string.
To scroll text down,
a program goes to the top left corner of the screen and sends the
.Sy \&sr
(reverse index) string.
The strings
.Sy \&sf
and
.Sy \&sr
have undefined behavior
when not on their respective corners of the screen.
Parameterized versions of the scrolling sequences are
.Sy \&SF
and
.Sy \&SR ,
which have the same semantics as
.Sy \&sf
and
.Sy \&sr
except that they take one parameter
and scroll that many lines.
They also have undefined behavior
except at the appropriate corner of the screen.
.Pp
The
.Sy \&am
capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the right
edge of the screen when text is output there,
but this does not necessarily apply to
.Sy \&nd
from the last column.
Leftward local motion is defined from the left edge only when
.Sy \&bw
is given; then an
.Sy \&le
from the left edge will move to the right edge of the previous row.
This is useful for drawing a box around the edge of the screen,
for example.
If the terminal has switch-selectable automatic margins,
the
.Nm
description usually assumes that this feature is on,
.Em i.e . ,
.Sy \&am .
If the terminal has a command
that moves to the first column of the next line,
that command can be given as
.Sy \&nw
(newline).
It is permissible for this to clear the remainder of the current line,
so if the terminal has no correctly-working
.Tn \&CR
and
.Tn \&LF
it may still be possible to craft a working
.Sy \&nw
out of one or both of them.
.Pp
These capabilities suffice to describe hardcopy and
.Dq glass-tty
terminals.
Thus the Teletype model 33 is described as
.Bd -literal -offset indent
T3\||\|tty33\||\|33\||\|tty\||\|Teletype model 33:\e
	:bl=^G:co#72:cr=^M:do=^J:hc:os:
.Ed
.Pp
and the Lear Siegler
.Tn ADM Ns \-3
is described as
.Bd -literal -offset indent
l3\||\|adm3\||\|3\||\|LSI ADM-3:\e
:am:bl=^G:cl=^Z:co#80:cr=^M:do=^J:le=^H:li#24:sf=^J:
.Ed
.Ss Parameterized Strings
Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters
are described by a
parameterized string capability, with
.Xr printf 3 Ns \-like
escapes
.Sy \&%x
in it,
while other characters are passed through unchanged.
For example, to address the cursor the
.Sy \&cm
capability is given, using two parameters: the row and column to move to.
(Rows and columns are numbered from zero and refer to the physical screen
visible to the user, not to any unseen memory.
If the terminal has memory-relative cursor addressing,
that can be indicated by an analogous
.Sy \&CM
capability.)
.Pp
The
.Sy \&%
encodings have the following meanings:
.Bl -column xxxxx
.It "%%	output `%'"
.It "%d	output value as in"
.Xr printf 3
%d
.It "%2	output value as in"
.Xr printf 3
%2d
.It "%3	output value as in"
.Xr printf 3
%3d
.It "%.	output value as in"
.Xr printf 3
%c
.It "%+" Ns Em x Ta No add
.Em x
to value, then do %.
.It "%>" Ns Em \&xy Ta No if
value >
.Em x
then add
.Em y ,
no output
.It "%r	reverse order of two parameters, no output"
.It "%i	increment by one, no output"
.It "%n	exclusive-or all parameters with 0140 (Datamedia 2500)"
.It "\&%B" Ta Tn BCD No "(16*(value/10)) + (value%10), no output"
.It "%D	Reverse coding (value \- 2*(value%16)), no output (Delta Data)."
.El
.Pp
Consider the Hewlett-Packard 2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12, needs
to be sent
.Dq \eE&a12c03Y
padded for 6 milliseconds.
Note that the order
of the row and column coordinates is reversed here
and that the row and column
are sent as two-digit integers.
Thus its
.Sy \&cm
capability is
.Dq Li cm=6\eE&%r%2c%2Y .
.Pp
The Datamedia 2500 needs the current row and column sent
encoded in binary using
.Dq \&%. .
Terminals that use
.Dq %.\&
need to be able to
backspace the cursor
.Pq Sy \&le
and to move the cursor up one line on the screen
.Pq Sy \&up .
This is necessary because it is not always safe to transmit
.Sy \&\en ,
.Sy \&^D ,
and
.Sy \&\er ,
as the system may change or discard them.
(Programs using
.Nm
must set terminal modes so that tabs are not expanded, so
.Sy \&\et
is safe to send.
This turns out to be essential for the Ann Arbor 4080.)
.Pp
A final example is the Lear Siegler
.Tn ADM Ns \-3a ,
which offsets row and column
by a blank character, thus
.Dq Li cm=\eE=%+ %+\ \& .
.Pp
Row or column absolute cursor addressing
can be given as single parameter capabilities
.Sy \&ch
(horizontal position absolute) and
.Sy \&cv
(vertical position absolute).
Sometimes these are shorter than the more general two-parameter sequence
(as with the Hewlett-Packard 2645) and can be used in preference to
.Sy \&cm .
If there are parameterized local motions
.Pf ( Em e.g . ,
move
.Ar n
positions to the right)
these can be given as
.Sy \&DO ,
.Sy \&LE ,
.Sy \&RI ,
and
.Sy \&UP
with a single parameter indicating how many positions to move.
These are primarily useful if the terminal does not have
.Sy \&cm ,
such as the Tektronix 4025.
.Ss Cursor Motions
If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor
(to the very upper left corner of the screen), this can be given as
.Sy \&ho .
Similarly, a fast way of getting to the lower left-hand corner
can be given as
.Sy \&ll ;
this may involve going up with
.Sy \&up
from the home position,
but a program should never do this itself (unless
.Sy \&ll
does), because it can
make no assumption about the effect of moving up from the home position.
Note that the home position is the same as
cursor address (0,0): to the top left corner of the screen, not of memory.
(Therefore, the
.Dq \eEH
sequence on Hewlett-Packard terminals
cannot be used for
.Sy \&ho . )
.Ss Area Clears
If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the
line, leaving the cursor where it is, this should be given as
.Sy \&ce .
If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the
display, this should be given as
.Sy \&cd .
.Sy \&cd
must only be invoked from the first column of a line.
(Therefore,
it can be simulated by a request to delete a large number of lines,
if a true
.Sy \&cd
is not available.)
.Ss Insert/Delete Line
If the terminal can open a new blank line
before the line containing the cursor,
this should be given as
.Sy \&al ;
this must be invoked only from the first
position of a line.
The cursor must then appear at the left of the newly blank line.
If the terminal can delete the line that the cursor is on, this
should be given as
.Sy \&dl ;
this must only be used from the first position on
the line to be deleted.
Versions of
.Sy \&al
and
.Sy \&dl
which take a single parameter
and insert or delete that many lines
can be given as
.Sy \&AL
and
.Sy \&DL .
If the terminal has a settable scrolling region
(like the VT100),
the command to set this can be described with the
.Sy \&cs
capability,
which takes two parameters: the top and bottom lines of the scrolling region.
The cursor position is, alas, undefined after using this command.
It is possible to get the effect of insert or delete line
using this command \(em the
.Sy \&sc
and
.Sy \&rc
(save and restore cursor) commands are also useful.
Inserting lines at the top or bottom of the screen can also be done using
.Sy \&sr
or
.Sy \&sf
on many terminals without a true insert/delete line,
and is often faster even on terminals with those features.
.Pp
If the terminal has the ability to define a window as part of memory
which all commands affect, it should be given as the parameterized string
.Sy \&wi .
The four parameters are the starting and ending lines in memory
and the starting and ending columns in memory, in that order.
(This
.Xr terminfo 5
capability is described for completeness.
It is unlikely that any
.Nm Ns \-using
program will support it.)
.Pp
If the terminal can retain display memory above the screen, then the
.Sy \&da
capability should be given;
if display memory can be retained
below, then
.Sy \&db
should be given.
These indicate
that deleting a line or scrolling may bring non-blank lines up from below
or that scrolling back with
.Sy \&sr
may bring down non-blank lines.
.Ss Insert/Delete Character
There are two basic kinds of intelligent terminals with respect to
insert/delete character that can be described using
.Nm .
The most common insert/delete character operations affect only the characters
on the current line and shift characters off the end of the line rigidly.
Other terminals, such as the Concept\-100 and the Perkin Elmer Owl, make
a distinction between typed and untyped blanks on the screen, shifting
upon an insert or delete only to an untyped blank on the screen which is
either eliminated or expanded to two untyped blanks.
You can determine
the kind of terminal you have by clearing the screen then typing
text separated by cursor motions.
Type
.Dq Li abc\ \ \ \ def
using local
cursor motions (not spaces) between the
.Dq abc
and the
.Dq def .
Then position the cursor before the
.Dq abc
and put the terminal in insert
mode.
If typing characters causes the rest of the line to shift
rigidly and characters to fall off the end, then your terminal does
not distinguish between blanks and untyped positions.
If the
.Dq abc
shifts over to the
.Dq def
which then move together around the end of the
current line and onto the next as you insert, then you have the second type of
terminal and should give the capability
.Sy \&in ,
which stands for
.Dq insert null .
While these are two logically separate attributes
(one line
.Em \&vs .
multi-line insert mode,
and special treatment of untyped spaces),
we have seen no terminals whose insert
mode cannot be described with the single attribute.
.Pp
The
.Nm
entries can describe both terminals that have an insert mode and terminals
that send a simple sequence to open a blank position on the current line.
Give as
.Sy \&im
the sequence to get into insert mode.
Give as
.Sy \&ei
the sequence to leave insert mode.
Now give as
.Sy \&ic
any sequence that needs to be sent just before
each character to be inserted.
Most terminals with a true insert mode
will not give
.Sy \&ic ;
terminals that use a sequence to open a screen
position should give it here.
(If your terminal has both,
insert mode is usually preferable to
.Sy \&ic .
Do not give both unless the terminal actually requires both to be used
in combination.)
If post-insert padding is needed, give this as a number of milliseconds
in
.Sy \&ip
(a string option).
Any other sequence that may need to be
sent after insertion of a single character can also be given in
.Sy \&ip .
If your terminal needs to be placed into an `insert mode'
and needs a special code preceding each inserted character,
then both
.Sy \&im Ns / Sy \&ei
and
.Sy \&ic
can be given, and both will be used.
The
.Sy \&IC
capability, with one parameter
.Em n ,
will repeat the effects of
.Sy \&ic
.Em n
times.
.Pp
It is occasionally necessary to move around while in insert mode
to delete characters on the same line
.Pf ( Em e.g . ,
if there is a tab after
the insertion position).
If your terminal allows motion while in
insert mode, you can give the capability
.Sy \&mi
to speed up inserting
in this case.
Omitting
.Sy \&mi
will affect only speed.
Some terminals
(notably Datamedia's) must not have
.Sy \&mi
because of the way their
insert mode works.
.Pp
Finally, you can specify
.Sy \&dc
to delete a single character,
.Sy \&DC
with one parameter
.Em n
to delete
.Em n
characters,
and delete mode by giving
.Sy \&dm
and
.Sy \&ed
to enter and exit delete mode
(which is any mode the terminal needs to be placed in for
.Sy \&dc
to work).
.Ss Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible Bells
If your terminal has one or more kinds of display attributes,
these can be represented in a number of different ways.
You should choose one display form as
.Em standout mode ,
representing a good high-contrast, easy-on-the-eyes format
for highlighting error messages and other attention getters.
(If you have a choice, reverse video plus half-bright is good,
or reverse video alone.)
The sequences to enter and exit standout mode
are given as
.Sy \&so
and
.Sy \&se ,
respectively.
If the code to change into or out of standout
mode leaves one or even two blank spaces or garbage characters on the screen,
as the
.Tn TVI
912 and Teleray 1061 do,
then
.Sy \&sg
should be given to tell how many characters are left.
.Pp
Codes to begin underlining and end underlining can be given as
.Sy \&us
and
.Sy \&ue ,
respectively.
Underline mode change garbage is specified by
.Sy \&ug ,
similar to
.Sy \&sg .
If the terminal has a code to underline the current character and move
the cursor one position to the right,
such as the Microterm Mime,
this can be given as
.Sy \&uc .
.Pp
Other capabilities to enter various highlighting modes include
.Sy \&mb
(blinking),
.Sy \&md
(bold or extra bright),
.Sy \&mh
(dim or half-bright),
.Sy \&mk
(blanking or invisible text),
.Sy \&mp
(protected),
.Sy \&mr
(reverse video),
.Sy \&me
(turn off
.Em all
attribute modes),
.Sy \&as
(enter alternate character set mode), and
.Sy \&ae
(exit alternate character set mode).
Turning on any of these modes singly may or may not turn off other modes.
.Pp
If there is a sequence to set arbitrary combinations of mode,
this should be given as
.Sy \&sa
(set attributes), taking 9 parameters.
Each parameter is either 0 or 1,
as the corresponding attributes is on or off.
The 9 parameters are, in order: standout, underline, reverse, blink,
dim, bold, blank, protect, and alternate character set.
Not all modes need be supported by
.Sy \&sa ,
only those for which corresponding attribute commands exist.
(It is unlikely that a
.Nm Ns \-using
program will support this capability, which is defined for compatibility
with
.Xr terminfo 5 . )
.Pp
Terminals with the
.Dq magic cookie
glitches
.Pf ( Sy \&sg
and
.Sy \&ug ) ,
rather than maintaining extra attribute bits for each character cell,
instead deposit special
.Dq cookies ,
or
.Dq garbage characters ,
when they receive mode-setting sequences,
which affect the display algorithm.
.Pp
Some terminals,
such as the Hewlett-Packard 2621,
automatically leave standout
mode when they move to a new line or when the cursor is addressed.
Programs using standout mode
should exit standout mode on such terminals
before moving the cursor or sending a newline.
On terminals where this is not a problem,
the
.Sy \&ms
capability should be present
to say that this overhead is unnecessary.
.Pp
If the terminal has
a way of flashing the screen to indicate an error quietly
(a bell replacement),
this can be given as
.Sy \&vb ;
it must not move the cursor.
.Pp
If the cursor needs to be made more visible than normal
when it is not on the bottom line
(to change, for example, a non-blinking underline into an easier-to-find
block or blinking underline),
give this sequence as
.Sy \&vs .
If there is a way to make the cursor completely invisible, give that as
.Sy \&vi .
The capability
.Sy \&ve ,
which undoes the effects of both of these modes,
should also be given.
.Pp
If your terminal correctly displays underlined characters
(with no special codes needed)
even though it does not overstrike,
then you should give the capability
.Sy \&ul .
If overstrikes are erasable with a blank,
this should be indicated by giving
.Sy \&eo .
.Ss Keypad
If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes when the keys are pressed,
this information can be given.
Note that it is not possible to handle
terminals where the keypad only works in local mode
(this applies, for example, to the unshifted Hewlett-Packard 2621 keys).
If the keypad can be set to transmit or not transmit,
give these codes as
.Sy \&ks
and
.Sy \&ke .
Otherwise the keypad is assumed to always transmit.
The codes sent by the left-arrow, right-arrow, up-arrow, down-arrow,
and home keys can be given as
.Sy \&kl ,
.Sy \&kr ,
.Sy \&ku ,
.Sy \&kd ,
and
.Sy \&kh ,
respectively.
If there are function keys such as f0, f1, ..., f9, the codes they send
can be given as
.Sy \&k0 ,
.Sy \&k1 ,
\&...,
.Sy \&k9 .
If these keys have labels other than the default f0 through f9, the labels
can be given as
.Sy \&l0 ,
.Sy \&l1 ,
\&...,
.Sy \&l9 .
The codes transmitted by certain other special keys can be given:
.Sy \&kH
(home down),
.Sy \&kb
(backspace),
.Sy \&ka
(clear all tabs),
.Sy \&kt
(clear the tab stop in this column),
.Sy \&kC
(clear screen or erase),
.Sy \&kD
(delete character),
.Sy \&kL
(delete line),
.Sy \&kM
(exit insert mode),
.Sy \&kE
(clear to end of line),
.Sy \&kS
(clear to end of screen),
.Sy \&kI
(insert character or enter insert mode),
.Sy \&kA
(insert line),
.Sy \&kN
(next page),
.Sy \&kP
(previous page),
.Sy \&kF
(scroll forward/down),
.Sy \&kR
(scroll backward/up), and
.Sy \&kT
(set a tab stop in this column).
In addition, if the keypad has a 3 by 3 array of keys
including the four arrow keys, then the other five keys can be given as
.Sy \&K1 ,
.Sy \&K2 ,
.Sy \&K3 ,
.Sy \&K4 ,
and
.Sy \&K5 .
These keys are useful when the effects of a 3 by 3 directional pad are needed.
The obsolete
.Sy \&ko
capability formerly used to describe
.Dq other
function keys has been
completely supplanted by the above capabilities.
.Pp
The
.Sy \&ma
entry is also used to indicate arrow keys on terminals that have
single-character arrow keys.
It is obsolete but still in use in
version 2 of
.Sy \&vi
which must be run on some minicomputers due to
memory limitations.
This field is redundant with
.Sy \&kl ,
.Sy \&kr ,
.Sy \&ku ,
.Sy \&kd ,
and
.Sy \&kh .
It consists of groups of two characters.
In each group, the first character is what an arrow key sends, and the
second character is the corresponding
.Sy \&vi
command.
These commands are
.Ar h
for
.Sy \&kl ,
.Ar j
for
.Sy \&kd ,
.Ar k
for
.Sy \&ku ,
.Ar l
for
.Sy \&kr ,
and
.Ar H
for
.Sy \&kh .
For example, the Mime would have
.Dq Li ma=^Hh^Kj^Zk^Xl
indicating arrow keys left (^H), down (^K), up (^Z), and right (^X).
(There is no home key on the Mime.)
.Ss Tabs and Initialization
If the terminal needs to be in a special mode when running
a program that uses these capabilities,
the codes to enter and exit this mode can be given as
.Sy \&ti
and
.Sy \&te .
This arises, for example, from terminals like the Concept with more than
one page of memory.
If the terminal has only memory-relative cursor addressing and not
screen-relative cursor addressing,
a screen-sized window must be fixed into
the display for cursor addressing to work properly.
This is also used for the Tektronix 4025, where
.Sy \&ti
sets the command character to be the one used by
.Nm .
.Pp
Other capabilities
include
.Sy \&is ,
an initialization string for the terminal,
and
.Sy \&if ,
the name of a file containing long initialization strings.
These strings are expected to set the terminal into modes
consistent with the rest of the
.Nm
description.
They are normally sent to the terminal by the
.Xr tset 1
program each time the user logs in.
They will be printed in the following order:
.Sy \&is ;
setting tabs using
.Sy \&ct
and
.Sy \&st ;
and finally
.Sy \&if .
.Pf ( Xr Terminfo
uses
.Sy \&i\&1-i2
instead of
.Sy \&is
and runs the program
.Sy \&iP
and prints
.Sy "\&i\&3"
after the other initializations.)
A pair of sequences that does a harder reset from a totally unknown state
can be analogously given as
.Sy \&rs
and
.Sy \&if .
These strings are output by the
.Xr reset 1
program, which is used when the terminal gets into a wedged state.
.Pf ( Xr Terminfo
uses
.Sy "\&r1-r3"
instead of
.Sy \&rs . )
Commands are normally placed in
.Sy \&rs
and
.Sy \&rf
only if they produce annoying effects on the screen and are not necessary
when logging in.
For example, the command to set the VT100 into 80-column mode
would normally be part of
.Sy \&is ,
but it causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is not normally needed
since the terminal is usually already in 80-column mode.
.Pp
If the terminal has hardware tabs,
the command to advance to the next tab stop can be given as
.Sy \&ta
(usually
.Sy \&^I ) .
A
.Dq backtab
command which moves leftward to the previous tab stop
can be given as
.Sy \&bt .
By convention,
if the terminal driver modes indicate that tab stops are being expanded
by the computer rather than being sent to the terminal,
programs should not use
.Sy \&ta
or
.Sy \&bt
even if they are present,
since the user may not have the tab stops properly set.
If the terminal has hardware tabs that are initially set every
.Ar n
positions when the terminal is powered up, then the numeric parameter
.Sy \&it
is given, showing the number of positions between tab stops.
This is normally used by the
.Xr tset 1
command to determine whether to set the driver mode for hardware tab
expansion, and whether to set the tab stops.
If the terminal has tab stops that can be saved in nonvolatile memory, the
.Nm
description can assume that they are properly set.
.Pp
If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can be given as
.Sy \&ct
(clear all tab stops) and
.Sy \&st
(set a tab stop in the current column of every row).
If a more complex sequence is needed to set the tabs than can be
described by this, the sequence can be placed in
.Sy \&is
or
.Sy \&if .
.Ss Delays
Certain capabilities control padding in the terminal driver.
These are primarily needed by hardcopy terminals and are used by the
.Xr tset 1
program to set terminal driver modes appropriately.
Delays embedded in the capabilities
.Sy \&cr ,
.Sy \&sf ,
.Sy \&le ,
.Sy \&ff ,
and
.Sy \&ta
will cause the appropriate delay bits to be set in the terminal driver.
If
.Sy \&pb
(padding baud rate) is given, these values can be ignored at baud rates
below the value of
.Sy \&pb .
For
.Bx 4.2
.Xr tset 1 ,
the delays are given as numeric capabilities
.Sy \&dC ,
.Sy \&dN ,
.Sy \&dB ,
.Sy \&dF ,
and
.Sy \&dT
instead.
.Ss Miscellaneous
If the terminal requires other than a
.Dv NUL
(zero) character as a pad,
this can be given as
.Sy \&pc .
Only the first character of the
.Sy \&pc
string is used.
.Pp
If the terminal has commands to save and restore the position of the
cursor, give them as
.Sy \&sc
and
.Sy \&rc .
.Pp
If the terminal has an extra
.Dq status line
that is not normally used by
software, this fact can be indicated.
If the status line is viewed as an extra line below the bottom line,
then the capability
.Sy \&hs
should be given.
Special strings to go to a position in the status line and to return
from the status line can be given as
.Sy \&ts
and
.Sy \&fs .
.Pf ( Sy \&fs
must leave the cursor position in the same place that it was before
.Sy \&ts .
If necessary, the
.Sy \&sc
and
.Sy \&rc
strings can be included in
.Sy \&ts
and
.Sy \&fs
to get this effect.)
The capability
.Sy \&ts
takes one parameter, which is the column number of the status line
to which the cursor is to be moved.
If escape sequences and other special commands such as tab work while in
the status line, the flag
.Sy \&es
can be given.
A string that turns off the status line (or otherwise erases its contents)
should be given as
.Sy \&ds .
The status line is normally assumed to be the same width as the
rest of the screen,
.Em i.e . ,
.Sy \&co .
If the status line is a different width (possibly because the terminal
does not allow an entire line to be loaded), then its width in columns
can be indicated with the numeric parameter
.Sy \&ws .
.Pp
If the terminal can move up or down half a line, this can be
indicated with
.Sy \&hu
(half-line up) and
.Sy \&hd
(half-line down).
This is primarily useful for superscripts and subscripts on hardcopy
terminals.
If a hardcopy terminal can eject to the next page (form feed),
give this as
.Sy \&ff
(usually
.Sy \&^L ) .
.Pp
If there is a command to repeat a given character a given number of times
(to save time transmitting a large number of identical characters),
this can be indicated with the parameterized string
.Sy \&rp .
The first parameter is the character to be repeated and the second is
the number of times to repeat it.
(This is a
.Xr terminfo 5
feature that is unlikely to be supported by a program that uses
.Nm . )
.Pp
If the terminal has a settable command character, such as the
Tektronix 4025, this can be indicated with
.Sy \&CC .
A prototype command character is chosen which is used in all capabilities.
This character is given in the
.Sy \&CC
capability to identify it.
The following convention is supported on some
.Ux
systems:
The environment is to be searched for a
.Ev \&CC
variable,
and if found,
all occurrences of the prototype character are replaced by the character
in the environment variable.
This use of the
.Ev \&CC
environment variable
is a very bad idea, as it conflicts with
.Xr make 1 .
.Pp
Terminal descriptions that do not represent a specific kind of known
terminal, such as
.Em switch ,
.Em dialup ,
.Em patch ,
and
.Em network ,
should include the
.Sy \&gn
(generic) capability so that programs can complain that they do not know
how to talk to the terminal.
(This capability does not apply to
.Em virtual
terminal descriptions for which the escape sequences are known.)
.Pp
If the terminal uses xoff/xon
.Pq Tn DC3 Ns / Ns Tn DC1
handshaking for flow control, give
.Sy \&xo .
Padding information should still be included so that routines can make
better decisions about costs, but actual pad characters will not be
transmitted.
.Pp
If the terminal has a
.Dq meta key
which acts as a shift key, setting the
8th bit of any character transmitted, then this fact can be indicated with
.Sy \&km .
Otherwise, software will assume that the 8th bit is parity and it will
usually be cleared.
If strings exist to turn this
.Dq meta mode
on and off, they can be given as
.Sy \&mm
and
.Sy \&mo .
.Pp
If the terminal has more lines of memory than will fit on the screen at once,
the number of lines of memory can be indicated with
.Sy \&lm .
An explicit value of 0 indicates that the number of lines is not fixed,
but that there is still more memory than fits on the screen.
.Pp
If the terminal is one of those supported by the
.Ux
system virtual
terminal protocol, the terminal number can be given as
.Sy \&vt .
.Pp
Media copy strings which control an auxiliary printer
connected to the terminal can be given as
.Sy \&ps :
print the contents of the screen;
.Sy \&pf :
turn off the printer; and
.Sy \&po :
turn on the printer.
When the printer is on, all text sent to the terminal will be sent to the
printer.
It is undefined whether the text is also displayed on the terminal screen
when the printer is on.
A variation
.Sy \&pO
takes one parameter and leaves the printer on for as many characters as the
value of the parameter, then turns the printer off.
The parameter should not exceed 255.
All text, including
.Sy \&pf ,
is transparently passed to the printer while
.Sy \&pO
is in effect.
.Pp
Strings to program function keys can be given as
.Sy \&pk ,
.Sy \&pl ,
and
.Sy \&px .
Each of these strings takes two parameters: the function key number
to program (from 0 to 9) and the string to program it with.
Function key numbers out of this range may program undefined keys
in a terminal-dependent manner.
The differences among the capabilities are that
.Sy \&pk
causes pressing the given key to be the same as the user typing the given
string;
.Sy \&pl
causes the string to be executed by the terminal in local mode;
and
.Sy \&px
causes the string to be transmitted to the computer.
Unfortunately, due to lack of a definition for string parameters in
.Nm ,
only
.Xr terminfo 5
supports these capabilities.
.Pp
For the
.Xr xterm 1
terminal emulator the traditional behavior in
.Fx
when exiting a pager such as
.Xr less 1
or
.Xr more 1 ,
or an editor such as
.Xr vi 1
is
.Em NOT
to clear the screen after the program exits.
If you prefer to clear the screen there are a number of
.Dq xterm-clear
entries that add this capability in the
.Nm
file that you can use directly, or as examples.
.Ss Glitches and Braindamage
Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow `~' characters to be displayed,
should indicate
.Sy \&hz .
.Pp
The
.Sy \&nc
capability, now obsolete, formerly indicated Datamedia terminals,
which echo
.Sy \&\er \en
for
carriage return then ignore a following linefeed.
.Pp
Terminals that ignore a linefeed immediately after an
.Sy \&am
wrap, such as the Concept, should indicate
.Sy \&xn .
.Pp
If
.Sy \&ce
is required to get rid of standout
(instead of merely writing normal text on top of it),
.Sy \&xs
should be given.
.Pp
Teleray terminals, where tabs turn all characters moved over to blanks,
should indicate
.Sy \&xt
(destructive tabs).
This glitch is also taken to mean that it is not possible
to position the cursor on top of a
.Dq magic cookie ,
and that
to erase standout mode it is necessary to use delete and insert line.
.Pp
The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly transmit the
.Dv ESC
or
.Sy \&^C
characters, has
.Sy \&xb ,
indicating that the
.Dq \&f\&1
key is used for
.Dv ESC
and
.Dq \&f\&2
for ^C.
(Only certain Superbees have this problem, depending on the
.Tn ROM . )
.Pp
Other specific terminal problems may be corrected by adding more
capabilities of the form
.Sy x Ns Em x .
.Ss Similar Terminals
If there are two very similar terminals,
one can be defined as being just like the other with certain exceptions.
The string capability
.Sy \&tc
can be given
with the name of the similar terminal.
This capability must be
.Em last ,
and the combined length of the entries
must not exceed 1024.
The capabilities given before
.Sy \&tc
override those in the terminal type invoked by
.Sy \&tc .
A capability can be canceled by placing
.Sy \&xx@
to the left of the
.Sy \&tc
invocation, where
.Sy \&xx
is the capability.
For example, the entry
.Bd -literal -offset indent
hn\||\|2621\-nl:ks@:ke@:tc=2621:
.Ed
.Pp
defines a
.Dq 2621\-nl
that does not have the
.Sy \&ks
or
.Sy \&ke
capabilities,
hence does not turn on the function key labels when in visual mode.
This is useful for different modes for a terminal, or for different
user preferences.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/termcap.db -compact
.It Pa /usr/share/misc/termcap
File containing terminal descriptions.
.It Pa /usr/share/misc/termcap.db
Hash database file containing terminal descriptions (see
.Xr cap_mkdb 1 ) .
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr cap_mkdb 1 ,
.Xr ex 1 ,
.Xr more 1 ,
.Xr tset 1 ,
.Xr ul 1 ,
.Xr vi 1 ,
.Xr xterm 1 ,
.Xr ncurses 3 ,
.Xr printf 3 ,
.Xr termcap 3 ,
.Xr term 5
.Sh CAVEATS AND BUGS
The
.Em Note :
.Nm
functions
were replaced by
.Xr terminfo 5
in
.At V
Release 2.0.
The transition will be relatively painless if capabilities flagged as
.Dq obsolete
are avoided.
.Pp
Lines and columns are now stored by the kernel as well as in the termcap
entry.
Most programs now use the kernel information primarily; the information
in this file is used only if the kernel does not have any information.
.Pp
The
.Xr \&vi 1
program allows only 256 characters for string capabilities, and the routines
in
.Xr termlib 3
do not check for overflow of this buffer.
The total length of a single entry (excluding only escaped newlines)
may not exceed 1024.
.Pp
Not all programs support all entries.
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
file format appeared in
.Bx 3 .